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.sh NAME
sh  \*-  shell (command interpreter)
.sh SYNOPSIS
.bd sh
[\c
.bd \*-v\c
] [\c
.bd \*-\c
] [\c
.bd \*-ct\c
]
[ name [ arg1 ... ] ]
.sh DESCRIPTION
.it Sh
is the standard command interpreter.
It is the program which reads and arranges the execution of
the command lines typed by most users.
It may itself be called as a command to interpret
files of commands.
Before discussing the arguments to the Shell
when it is
used as a command, the structure of command
lines themselves will be given.
.s3
.bd "Commands."
Each command is a sequence of non-blank command arguments
separated by blanks.
The
first argument specifies the name of a command to be
executed.
Except for certain types of special
arguments discussed below, the arguments
other than the command name are passed
without interpretation to the invoked
command.
.s3
By default, if the first argument is the name of an executable
file, it is invoked;
otherwise the string ``/bin/'' is prepended to the argument.
(In this way most standard commands,
which reside in ``/bin'', are found.)
If no such command is found,
the string ``/usr'' is further prepended
(to give ``/usr/bin/command'') and another attempt
is made to execute the resulting
file.
(Certain lesser-used commands
live in ``/usr/bin''.)
If a command name contains a ``/'',
it is invoked as is, and no prepending ever occurs.
This standard command search sequence may be changed by the user.
See the description of the Shell variable ``$p'' below.
.s3
If a non-directory file exists that matches the command name and has executable
mode,
but not the form of an executable program
(does not begin with the proper magic number)
then it is assumed to be an ASCII file of commands
and a new Shell is created to execute it.
See ``Argument passing'' below.
If the first line of the file begins with the characters 'E.' will be executed
by the Spitbol interpreter.
.s3
If the file cannot be found,
a diagnostic is printed.
.s3
.bd "Command\ lines."
One or more commands separated by ``\*v'' or ``^'' constitute a
chain of
.it filters,
or a
.it pipeline.
The standard output of each command but the last
is taken
as the standard input of the next command.
Each command is run as a separate process, connected
by pipes (see
.it pipe\^\c
(II)) to its neighbors.
A command line contained in
parentheses ``( )'' may appear in place of a simple command
as a filter.
.s3
A
.it "command line"
consists of one or
more pipelines separated, and perhaps terminated by ``\fB;\fR'' or ``&'',
or separated by ``\*v\|\*v'' or ``&&''.
The semicolon designates sequential execution.
The ampersand causes the following pipeline to be executed
without waiting for the preceding pipeline to finish.
The process id of the preceding pipeline is reported, so that
it may be used if necessary for a subsequent
.it wait
or
.it kill.
A pipeline following ``&&'' is executed only if the preceding
pipeline completed successfully (exit code zero),
while that following ``\*v\|\*v'' is executed only if the preceding one did
.it not
execute successfully (exit code non-zero).
The exit code tested is that of the last command
in the pipeline.
The ``&&'' operator has higher precedence.
.s3
.bd "Termination\ Reporting."
If a command (not followed by ``&'') terminates abnormally,
a message is printed.
(All terminations other than exit and interrupt
are considered abnormal).
Termination reports for commands followed by ``&''
are given upon receipt of the first
command subsequent to the termination of
the command,
or when a
.it wait
is executed.
The following is a list of the abnormal
termination messages:
.s3
.nf
	Bus error
	Trace/BPT trap
	Illegal instruction
	IOT trap
	EMT trap
	Bad system call
	Quit
	Floating exception
	Segmentation violation
	Killed
	Broken Pipe
	Real time limit
	CPU time limit
	Terminated
.s3
.fi
If a core image is produced,
``\*- Core dumped'' is appended to the appropriate message.
.s3
.bd "Redirection\ of\ I/O."
There are three character sequences that cause the immediately following string
to be interpreted as a special argument to the Shell itself.
Such an argument may
appear anywhere among
the arguments of a simple command, or before or after
a parenthesized command list, and is associated with that
command or command list.
.s3
An argument of the form ``<arg'' causes the file
``arg''
to be used as the standard input (file descriptor 0) of the associated command.
.s3
An argument of the form ``>arg'' causes file ``arg'' to be used
as the standard output (file descriptor 1) for the associated command.
``Arg'' is created if it did not exist, and in any case is truncated
at the outset.
.s3
An argument of the form ``>>arg'' causes file ``arg'' to be used as the
standard output for the associated command.
If ``arg''
did not exist, it is created; if it did exist,
the command output is appended to the file.
.s3
For example, either of the command lines
.s3
	ls >junk; cat tail >>junk
.br
	( ls; cat tail ) >junk
.s3
creates, on file ``junk'', a listing of the working directory, followed immediately
by the contents of file ``tail''.
.s3
Either of the constructs ``>arg'' or ``>>arg''
associated with any but the last command of a pipeline
is ineffectual, as is ``<arg'' in any but the first.
.s3
In commands called by the Shell,
file descriptor 2 refers to the standard output of the
Shell regardless of any redirection of standard output.
Thus filters may write diagnostics
to a location
where they have a chance to be seen.
.s3
A redirection of the form ``<\*-\*-'' requests input from the standard
input that existed when the instance of the Shell was created.
This permits a command file to be treated as a filter.
The procedure ``lower'' could be
used in a pipeline to convert characters to lower case:
.s3
.in +5n
tr "[A\*-Z]" "[a\*-z]" <\*-\*-
.in -5n
.s3
A typical invocation might be:
.s3
.in +5n
reform \*-8 \*-c <prnt0 \*v lower >prnt0a
.in -5n
.s3
.bd "Generation\ of\ argument\ lists."
If any argument contains any of the characters ``?'',
``*'' or ``['', it is treated specially as follows.
The current directory is searched for files which
.it match
the given argument.
.s3
The character ``*'' in an argument matches any string of characters
in a file name (including the null string).
.s3
The character ``?'' matches any
single non-null character in a file name.
.s3
Square brackets ``[...]'' specify
a class of characters which
matches any single file name character in the class.
Within the brackets,
each ordinary character is taken
to be a member of the class.
A pair of characters separated by ``\*-'' places
in the class
each character lexically greater than or equal to
the first and less than or equal to the second
member of the pair.
.s3
If an argument begins with either ``%'' or ``@'' then the first segment
of the path following it is taken to be a user's login name, and that users
login directory is prepended to the pathname. Thus ``%dmr'' expands
to ``/usr/dmr''.
.s3
Other characters match only the same character in
the file name.
.s3
If an argument starts with ``*'', ``?'', or ``['',
that argument will not match any file name that starts with
``\fB.\fP''.
.s3
For example, ``*'' matches all file names;
``?'' matches all one-character file names; ``[ab]*.s'' matches
all file names beginning with ``a'' or ``b'' and ending with ``.s'';
``?[zi\*-m]'' matches all two-character file names ending
with ``z'' or the letters ``i'' through ``m'';
``a*/b*'' matches files whose names begin with ``b'' in directories whose
names begin with ``a''.
None of these examples match names that start with ``\fB.\fP''.
.s3
If the argument with ``*'' or ``?'' also contains a ``/'', a slightly
different procedure is used:  instead of the current directory,
the directory used is the one obtained
by taking the unmodified argument to the ``/'' preceding the first ``*?[''.
The matching process matches the remainder of the argument
after this ``/'' against the files in the derived directory.
For example: ``/usr/dmr/a*.s'' matches
all files in directory ``/usr/dmr'' which begin
with ``a'' and end with ``.s''.
.s3
In any event, a list of names is obtained which match
the argument.
This list is sorted into alphabetical order,
and the resulting sequence of arguments replaces the
single argument containing the ``*'', ``['', or ``?''.
The same process is carried out for each argument
(the resulting lists are
.it not
merged)
and finally the command is called with the resulting list of
arguments.
.s3
If a command has one argument with ``*'', ``?'', or ``['', a
diagnostic is printed if no file names match that argument.
If a command has several such arguments, a diagnostic
is only printed if they
.it all
fail to match any files.
.s3
.bd "Quoting."
The character ``\\'' causes the immediately following character
to lose any special meaning it may have to the Shell;  in this
way ``<'', ``>'', and other characters meaningful to the
Shell may be passed as part of arguments.
A special case of this feature allows the continuation of commands
onto more than one line:  a new-line preceded by ``\\'' is translated
into a blank.
.s3
A sequence of characters enclosed in single quotes (\*a) is taken literally,
with no substitution or special processing whatsoever.
.s3
Sequences of characters enclosed in double quotes (") are
also taken literally, except that ``\\'', ``"'', and ``$'' are handled specially.
The sequences ``\\"'' and ``\\$'' yield ``"'' and ``$'', respectively.
The sequence ``\\x'', where ``x'' is any character except ``"'' or
``$'', yields ``\\x''.
A ``$'' within a quoted string is
processed in the same manner as a ``$'' that is not in a quoted string
(see below),
unless it is preceded by a ``\\''.
For example:
.s3
.in +5n
ls  \*v  pr \*-h "\\\\"My directory\\"\\$"
.in -5n
.s3
causes a directory listing to be produced
by
.it ls,
and passed on to
.it pr
to be
printed with the heading ``\\"My directory"$''.
Quotes permit the inclusion of blanks in
the heading, which is a single argument to
.it pr.
Note that ``\\'' inside quotes disappears only when preceding ``$'' or ``"''.
.s3
.bd "Argument\ passing."
When the Shell is invoked as a command, it has additional
string processing capabilities.
Recall that the form in which the Shell is invoked is
.s3
.in +5n
sh [
.bd \*-v
] [ name [ arg1 ... ] ]
.in -5n
.s3
The
.it name
is the name of a file which is read and
interpreted.
If not given, this subinstance of the Shell
continues to read the standard input file.
.s3
In command lines in the file
(and also in command input),
character sequences of the form ``$N'', where
.it N
is a digit,
are replaced by the
\fIn\fRth argument to the invocation
of the Shell (\c
.it argn\c
).
``$0'' is replaced by
.it name.
Shell variables (``$a'' \- ``$z''), described below, are replaced in the same way.
.s3
A character sequence of the form ``$$N'', where \fIN\fR is a digit, are replaced
by the sequence of arguments starting with the
.it current
\fIn\fRth through the last
argument, each argument separated from the previous by a single blank.
.s3
The special argument ``$*'' is a synonym for ``$$1''.
.s3
The special argument ``$$$'' is the ASCII representation of the
unique process number of the current Shell.
This string is useful for creating temporary file names
within command files.
.s3
The sequence ``$x'', where ``x'' is any character except one of the
38 characters mentioned above, is taken to refer to a variable ``x'' whose
value is the null string.
All substitution on a command line occurs
.it before
the line is interpreted:
no action that alters the value of any variable can have any
effect on a reference to that variable that occurs on the
.it same
line.
.s3
The argument \fB\*-t,\fP used alone, causes
.it sh
to read the standard input for a single line, execute
it as a command, and then exit.
It is useful for interactive programs
which allow users to execute
system commands.
.s3
The argument \fB\*-c\fP (used with one following argument)
causes the next argument to be taken as a command
line and executed.
No new-line need be present, but new-line characters
are treated appropriately.
This facility is useful as an alternative to
\fB\*-t\fP where the caller has already read
some of the characters of the command to be executed.
.s3
The argument \fB\*-v\fP (``verbose'') causes every command line to be printed after
all substitution occurs, but before execution.
Each argument is preceded by a single blank.
When given, the \fB\*-v\fP must be the first argument.
.s3
Used alone, the argument ``\*-'' suppresses prompting,
and is commonly used when piping commands into the Shell:
.s3
.in +5n
ls  \*v  sed "s/.*/echo &:;cat &/"  \*v  sh \*-
.in -5n
.s3
prints all files in a directory, each prefaced by its name.
.s3
.bd "Initialization."
When the Shell is invoked under the name ``\*-'' (as it is when you login),
it attempts to read the file ``.profile.'' in the current directory and
execute the commands found there.
When it finishes with ``.profile.'', the Shell
prompts the user for input as usual.
Typical files contain commands to set terminal tabs and modes,
initialize values of Shell variables, look at mail, etc.
.s3
.bd "End\ of\ file."
An end-of-file in the Shell's input causes it to exit.
A side effect of this fact means that the way to
log out from UNIX is to type an EOT.
.s3
.bd "Command\ file\ errors;\ interrupts."
Any Shell-detected error, or an interrupt signal,
during the execution of a command file
causes the Shell to cease execution of that file.
(Except after
.it onintr;
see below.)
.s3
Processes that are created with ``&'' ignore interrupts.
Also if such a process has not redirected its
input with a ``<'',
its input is automatically redirected to come from the
zero length file ``/dev/null''.
.s3
.bd "Special\ commands."
The following commands are treated specially by the Shell.
These commands generally do not work when named as arguments to
programs like
.it time,
.it if,
or
.it nohup
because in these cases they are not invoked directly by the Shell.
.s3
.it chdir
and
.it cd
are done without
spawning a new process by executing
.it chdir\^\c
(II).
.s3
.it wait
is done without spawning a new process by
executing
.it wait\^\c
(II).
.s3
.it shift
[
.it integer
]
is done by manipulating the arguments
to the Shell.
In the normal case,
.it shift
has the effect of decrementing the Shell argument names by one
(``$1'' disappears, ``$2'' becomes ``$1'', etc.).
When the optional
.it integer
is given, only arguments equal to or greater than
that number are shifted.
.s3
``\fB:\fR'' is simply ignored.
.s3
``=''
.it name
[
.it arg1
[
.it arg2
] ]
.br
The single character Shell variable
.it (name)
is assigned
a value, either
from the optional argument(s), or from standard input.
If a single argument is given, its value is used.
If a second argument is included, its value is used only if the
first argument has a null value.
This permits a simple way of setting up
default values for arguments:
.s3
.in +5n
= a "$1" default
.in -5n
.s3
causing default to be used if ``$1'' is null or omitted entirely.
.s3
Such variables are referred to later with a ``$'' prefix.
The variables ``$a'' through ``$m'' are guaranteed to be initialized
to null, and will never have special meanings.
The variables ``$n'' through ``$z'' are
.ul
not
guaranteed to be initialized to null, and may,
at some time in the future,
acquire
special meanings.
Currently, these variables have predefined meanings:
.s3
.lp +5 5
$n	is the argument count to the Shell command.
.s3
.br
.lp +5 5
$p	contains the Shell directory search
sequence for command execution.
Alternatives are separated by ``:''.
The default initial value is:
.br
		= p ":/bin:/usr/bin"
.br
which executes from the current directory (the null pathname),
then from ``/bin'', then from ``/usr/bin'', as described above.
For the super-user,
the value is:
.br
		= p "/etc:/bin:/usr/bin:"
.br
Using the same syntax, users may choose their own sequence by storing it
in a file named ``.path'' in their login directory.
The ``.path'' information is available to
successive Shells; the ``$p'' value is not.
If the ``.path'' file contains a second line,
it is interpreted as the name of the Shell to be invoked
to interpret Shell procedures.
(See ``$z'' below).
.s3
.br
.lp +5 5
$r	is the exit status code of the preceding command.
``0'' is the normal return from most commands (hopefully).
.s3
.br
.lp +5 5
$s	is your login directory.
.br
.s3
.br
.lp +5 5
$t	is your login tty letter. Thus ``/dev/tty$t'' is your terminal device.
.s3
.lp +5 5
$w	is your file system name (first component of ``$s'').
.s3
.br
.lp +5 5
$z	is the name of the program to be invoked when a Shell
procedure is to be executed.
Its default value is ``/bin/sh'',
but it can be overridden by supplying a second line in the
``.path'' file.
It can be used to achieve
consistent use of a specific Shell during periods when several distinct
Shells are present in the system.
For safety in the presence of change,
use ``$z'' as a command rather than ``sh''.
.s3
.i0
No substitution of variables (or arguments) occurs within single quotes (\*a).
Within double quotes ("), a variable string is substituted unchanged,
even if it contains characters (``"'', ``\\'', or ``$'') that might otherwise
be treated specially.
In particular, the argument ``$1'' can be passed unchanged to another
command by using ``"$1"''.
Outside quotes, substituted characters
possess the same special meanings they have as if typed directly.
.s3
To illustrate,
suppose that the shell procedure ``mine'' is called with two arguments:
.s3
.in +5n
sh  mine  \*aa; echo "$2"\*a  \*a"\*a
.in -5n
.s3
Then sample commands in ``mine'' and their output are as follows:
.s3
.in +5n
.if n .ta 20
.if t .ta 2i
.nf
echo \*a$1\*a	$1
echo "$1"	a; echo "$2"
echo $1	a
	$2
echo $2a"	a
echo "$2a"	"a
echo $2	syntax error
.fi
.in -5n
.s3
The appearance of the string ``$2'' (rather than ``"'') occurs because
the Shell performs only one level of substitution,
i.e., no rescanning is done.
.s3
.i0
.it onintr
[
.it label
]
.br
Causes control to pass to the label named
(using a
.it goto
command)
if the Shell command file
is interrupted.
After such a transfer, interrupts are re-enabled.
.it Onintr
without an argument also enables interrupts.
The special label ``\*-'' will cause any number of interrupts to be ignored.
.s3
.it next
[
.it name
]
.br
This command causes
.it name
to become the standard input.
Current input is never effectively resumed.
If the argument is omitted, your terminal keyboard is assumed.
.s3
.it pump
[ \*-[\c
.it subchar\c
] ] [
.bd +
] [
.it eofstr
]
.br
This command reads its standard input until it finds
.it eofstr
(defaults to ``!'' if not specified) alone on a line.
It normally substitutes the values
of arguments and variables (marked with ``$'' as usual).
If ``\*-'' is given alone, substitution is suppressed,
and
.it ``\*-subchar''
causes
.it subchar
to be used in place of ``$'' as the indicator character for substitution.
Escaping is handled as in quoted strings:
the indicator character may be escaped by preceding it by ``\\''.
Otherwise, ``\\'' and other characters are transmitted unchanged.
If ``+'' is used, leading tabs in the input are thrown away,
allowing indentation.
This command may be used interactively and in pipelines.
.s3
.it opt
[\c
.bd \*-v\c
] [\c
.bd +v\c
] [\c
.bd \*-p
.it prompt-str\c
]
.br
The argument
.bd \*-v
turns on tracing, in the same
style as a
.bd \*-v
argument for the Shell.
The argument
.bd +v
turns it off.
The argument
.bd \*-p
causes the next argument string to be used as the prompt
string for an interactive shell.
.s3
.it echoall
is a synonym for ``opt -v'' and
.it echonone
is equivalent to ``opt +v''.
.s3
.it "Commands implementing control structure."
Control structure is provided by a set of commands
that happen currently to be built into the Shell,
although no guarantee is given that this will remain so.
They are documented separately as follows:
.s3
.in +5n
if(I) \*- if, else, endif, and test.
.br
switch(I) \*- switch, breaksw, endsw.
.br
while(I) \*- while, end, break, continue.
.br
goto(I) \*- goto.
.br
exit(I) \*- exit.
.br
kill(I) \*- kill.
.br
times(I) \*- times.
.in -5n
.sh FILES
/etc/passwd for initialization of $s.
.br
/etc/sha, for shell accounting.
.br
/dev/null as a source of end-of-file.
.br
\&.path in login directory to initialize $p and name of Shell.
.br
\&.profile. in login directory for general initialization.
.sh "SEE ALSO"
.it "The UNIX Time-Sharing System"
by D. M. Ritchie and K. Thompson,
CACM, July, 1974,
which gives the theory of operation of the
Shell.
.br
.it "PWB/UNIX Shell Tutorial"
by J. R. Mashey.
.br
chdir(I), equals(I), exit(I), expr(I),
fd2(I),
if(I),
onintr(I), pump(I),
shift(I), switch(I), wait(I), while(I),
sha(V),
glob(VIII)
.sh "EXIT CODE"
If an error occurs in a command file, the Shell returns the exit
value ``1'' to the parent process.
Otherwise, the current value of the Shell variable
.it $r
is returned.
Execution of a command file is terminated by an error.
.sh BUGS
There is no built-in way to redirect the diagnostic output;
.it "fd2(I)"
must be used.
.br
A single command line is limited to 1000 total characters,
100 arguments, and approximately 20 operators.