V4/usr/man/nroff-all
AR(I) 3/15/72 AR(I)
NAME
ar - archive and library maintainer
SYNOPSIS
ar__ key afile name ...
DESCRIPTION
Ar__ maintains groups of files combined into a single archive
file. Its main use is to create and update library files as
used by the loader. It can be used, though, for any similar
purpose.
Key___ is one character from the set drtux_____, optionally conca-
tenated with v_. Afile_____ is the archive file. The names_____ are
constituent files in the archive file. The meanings of the
key___ characters are:
d_ means delete the named files from the archive file.
r_ means replace the named files in the archive file. If the
archive file does not exist, r_ will create it. If the named
files are not in the archive file, they are appended.
t_ prints a table of contents of the archive file. If no
names are given, all files in the archive are tabled. If
names are given, only those files are tabled.
u_ is similar to r_ except that only those files that have
been modified are replaced. If no names are given, all
files in the archive that have been modified will be re-
placed by the modified version.
x_ will extract the named files. If no names are given, all
files in the archive are extracted. In neither case does x_
alter the archive file.
v_ means verbose. Under the verbose option, ar__ gives a
file-by-file description of the making of a new archive file
from the old archive and the constituent files. The follow-
ing abbreviations are used:
c_ copy
a_ append
d_ delete
r_ replace
x_ extract
FILES
/tmp/vtm? temporary
SEE ALSO
ld(I), archive(V)
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AR(I) 3/15/72 AR(I)
BUGS
Option tv__ should be implemented as a table with more infor-
mation.
There should be a way to specify the placement of a new file
in an archive. Currently, it is placed at the end.
Since ar__ has not been rewritten to deal properly with the
new file system modes, extracted files have mode 666.
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AS(I) 1/15/73 AS(I)
NAME
as - assembler
SYNOPSIS
as__ [ - ] name ...
DESCRIPTION
As__ assembles the concatenation of the named files. If the
optional first argument - is used, all undefined symbols in
the assembly are treated as global.
The output of the assembly is left on the file a_.out___. It is
executable if no errors occurred during the assembly, and if
there were no unresolved external references.
FILES
/etc/as2 pass 2 of the assembler
/tmp/atm[1-4]? temporary
a.out object
SEE ALSO
ld(I), nm(I), db(I), a.out(V), `UNIX Assembler Manual'.
DIAGNOSTICS
When an input file cannot be read, its name followed by a
question mark is typed and assembly ceases. When syntactic
or semantic errors occur, a single-character diagnostic is
typed out together with the line number and the file name in
which it occurred. Errors in pass 1 cause cancellation of
pass 2. The possible errors are:
) Parentheses error
] Parentheses error
< String not terminated properly
* Indirection used illegally
. Illegal assignment to `.'
A Error in address
B Branch instruction is odd or too remote
E Error in expression
F Error in local (`f' or `b') type symbol
G Garbage (unknown) character
I End of file inside an if
M Multiply defined symbol as label
O Word quantity assembled at odd address
P `.' different in pass 1 and 2
R Relocation error
U Undefined symbol
X Syntax error
BUGS
Symbol table overflow is not checked. x errors can cause
incorrect line numbers in following diagnostics.
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BAS(I) 1/15/73 BAS(I)
NAME
bas - basic
SYNOPSIS
bas___ [ file ]
DESCRIPTION
Bas___ is a dialect of Basic. If a file argument is provided,
the file is used for input before the console is read. Bas___
accepts lines of the form:
statement
integer statement
Integer numbered statements (known as internal statements)
are stored for later execution. They are stored in sorted
ascending order. Non-numbered statements are immediately
executed. The result of an immediate expression statement
(that does not have `=' as its highest operator) is printed.
Statements have the following syntax:
expression
The expression is executed for its side effects (as-
signment or function call) or for printing as described
above.
done____
Return to system level.
draw____ expression expression expression
A line is drawn on the Tektronix 611 display `/dev/vt0'
from the current display position to the XY co-
ordinates specified by the first two expressions. The
scale is zero to one in both X and Y directions. If
the third expression is zero, the line is invisible.
The current display position is set to the end point.
display_______ list
The list of expressions and strings is concatenated and
displayed (i.e. printed) on the 611 starting at the
current display position. The current display position
is not changed.
erase_____
The 611 screen is erased.
for___ name = expression expression statement
for___ name = expression expression
...
next____
The for___ statement repetitively executes a statement
(first form) or a group of statements (second form)
under control of a named variable. The variable takes
on the value of the first expression, then is incre-
mented by one on each loop, not to exceed the value of
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BAS(I) 1/15/73 BAS(I)
the second expression.
goto____ expression
The expression is evaluated, truncated to an integer
and execution goes to the corresponding integer num-
bered statment. If executed from immediate mode, the
internal statements are compiled first.
if__ expression statement
The statement is executed if the expression evaluates
to non-zero.
list____ [expression [expression]]
is used to print out the stored internal statements.
If no arguments are given, all internal statements are
printed. If one argument is given, only that internal
statement is listed. If two arguments are given, all
internal statements inclusively between the arguments
are printed.
print_____ list
The list of expressions and strings are concatenated
and printed. (A string is delimited by " characters.)
return______ [expression]
The expression is evaluated and the result is passed
back as the value of a function call. If no expression
is given, zero is returned.
run___
The internal statements are compiled. The symbol table
is re-initialized. The random number generator is
reset. Control is passed to the lowest numbered inter-
nal statement.
Expressions have the following syntax:
name
A name is used to specify a variable. Names are com-
posed of a letter followed by letters and digits. The
first four characters of a name are significant.
number
A number is used to represent a constant value. A
number is written in Fortran style, and contains di-
gits, an optional decimal point, and possibly a scale
factor consisting of an e followed by a possibly signed
exponent.
( expression )
Parentheses are used to alter normal order of evalua-
tion.
expression operator expression
Common functions of two arguments are abbreviated by
the two arguments separated by an operator denoting the
function. A complete list of operators is given below.
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BAS(I) 1/15/73 BAS(I)
expression ( [expression [ , expression] ... ] )
Functions of an arbitrary number of arguments can be
called by an expression followed by the arguments in
parentheses separated by commas. The expression evalu-
ates to the line number of the entry of the function in
the internally stored statements. This causes the
internal statements to be compiled. If the expression
evaluates negative, a builtin function is called. The
list of builtin functions appears below.
name [ expression [ , expression ] ... ]
Each expression is truncated to an integer and used as
a specifier for the name. The result is syntactically
identical to a name. a_[1_,2_] is the same as a_[1_][2_].
The truncated expressions are restricted to values
between 0 and 32767.
The following is the list of operators:
=
= is the assignment operator. The left operand must be
a name or an array element. The result is the right
operand. Assignment binds right to left, all other
operators bind left to right.
&
& (logical and) has result zero if either of its argu-
ments are zero. It has result one if both its argu-
ments are non-zero. (logical or) has result zero if
both of its arguments are zero. It has result one if
either of its arguments are non-zero.
< <= > >= == <>
The relational operators (< less than, <= less than or
equal, > greater than, >= greater than or equal, ==
equal to, <> not equal to) return one if their argu-
ments are in the specified relation. They return zero
otherwise. Relational operators at the same level
extend as follows: a>b>c is the same as a>b&b>c.
+ -
Add and subtract.
* /
Multiply and divide.
^
Exponentiation.
The following is a list of builtin functions:
arg___(i_)
is the value of the i -th actual parameter on the
current level of function call.
exp___(x_)
is the exponential function of x.
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BAS(I) 1/15/73 BAS(I)
log___(x_)
is the natural logarithm of x.
sin___(x_)
is the sine of x (radians).
cos___(x_)
is the cosine of x (radians).
atn___(x_)
is the arctangent of x . its value is between -(*p/2
and (*p/2.
rnd___( )
is a uniformly distributed random number between zero
and one.
expr____( )
is the only form of program input. A line is read from
the input and evaluated as an expression. The resul-
tant value is returned.
int___(x_)
returns x truncated to an integer.
FILES
/tmp/btm? temporary
DIAGNOSTICS
Syntax errors cause the incorrect line to be typed with an
underscore where the parse failed. All other diagnostics
are self explanatory.
BUGS
Has been known to give core images. Needs a way to list____ a
program onto a file.
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CAT(I) 1/15/73 CAT(I)
NAME
cat - concatenate and print
SYNOPSIS
cat___ file ...
DESCRIPTION
Cat___ reads each file in sequence and writes it on the stan-
dard output. Thus:
cat___ file____
is about the easiest way to print a file. Also:
cat___ file1_____ file2_____ >file3_____
is about the easiest way to concatenate files.
If no input file is given cat___ reads from the standard input
file.
If the argument - is encountered, cat___ reads from the stan-
dard input file.
SEE ALSO
pr(I), cp(I)
DIAGNOSTICS
none; if a file cannot be found it is ignored.
BUGS
cat___ x_ y_ >x_ and cat___ x_ y_ >y_ cause strange results.
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CATSIM(I) 11/1/73 CATSIM(I)
NAME
catsim - phototypesetter simulator
SYNOPSIS
catsim______
DESCRIPTION
Catsim______ will interpret its standard input as codes for the
phototypesetter (cat). The output of catsim______ is output to
the display (vt).
About the only use of catsim______ is to save time and paper on
the phototypesetter by the following command:
troff -t files | catsim
FILES
/dev/vt0
SEE ALSO
troff(I), cat(IV), vt(IV)
BUGS
Point sizes are not correct. The vt character set is res-
tricted to one font of ASCII.
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CC(I) 3/15/72 CC(I)
NAME
cc - C compiler
SYNOPSIS
cc__ [ -c_ ] [ -p_ ] file ...
DESCRIPTION
Cc__ is the UNIX C compiler. It accepts three types of
arguments:
Arguments whose names end with `.c' are assumed to be C
source programs; they are compiled, and the object program
is left on the file whose name is that of the source with
`.o' substituted for `.c'.
Other arguments (except for -c) are assumed to be either
loader flag arguments, or C-compatible object programs, typ-
ically produced by an earlier cc__ run, or perhaps libraries
of C-compatible routines. These programs, together with the
results of any compilations specified, are loaded (in the
order given) to produce an executable program with name
a_.out___.
The -c_ argument suppresses the loading phase, as does any
syntax error in any of the routines being compiled.
If the -p_ flag is used, only the macro prepass is run on all
files whose name ends in .c. The expanded source is left on
the file whose name is that of the source with .i substitut-
ed for .c.
FILES
file.c input file
file.o object file
a.out loaded output
/tmp/ctm? temporary
/lib/c[01] compiler
/lib/crt0.o runtime startoff
/lib/libc.a builtin functions, etc.
/lib/liba.a system library
SEE ALSO
`C reference manual', cdb(I), ld(I) for other flag argu-
ments.
BUGS
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CDB(I) 8/15/73 CDB(I)
NAME
cdb - C debugger
SYNOPSIS
cdb___ [ core [ a.out ]]
DESCRIPTION
Cdb___ is a debugging program for use with C programs. It is
by no means completed, and this section is essentially only
a placeholder for the actual description.
Even the present cdb___ has one useful feature: the command
$
will give a stack trace of the core image of a terminated C
program. The calls are listed in the order made; the actual
arguments to each routine are given in octal.
SEE ALSO
cc(I), db(I), C Reference Manual
BUGS
It has to be fixed to work with the new system.
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CHDIR(I) 3/15/72 CHDIR(I)
NAME
chdir - change working directory
SYNOPSIS
chdir_____ directory
DESCRIPTION
Directory_________ becomes the new working directory. The process
must have execute permission on the directory. The process
must have execute (search) permission in directory_________.
Because a new process is created to execute each command,
chdir_____ would be ineffective if it were written as a normal
command. It is therefore recognized and executed by the
Shell.
SEE ALSO
sh(I)
BUGS
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CHMOD(I) 8/20/73 CHMOD(I)
NAME
chmod - change mode
SYNOPSIS
chmod_____ octal file ...
DESCRIPTION
The octal mode replaces the mode of each of the files. The
mode is constructed from the OR of the following modes:
4000 set user ID on execution
2000 set group ID on execution
0400 read by owner
0200 write by owner
0100 execute by owner
0070 read, write, execute by group
0007 read, write, execute by others
Only the owner of a file (or the super-user) may change its
mode.
SEE ALSO
ls(I)
BUGS
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CHOWN(I) 3/15/72 CHOWN(I)
NAME
chown - change owner
SYNOPSIS
chown_____ owner file ...
DESCRIPTION
Owner_____ becomes the new owner of the files. The owner may be
either a decimal UID or a login name found in the password
file.
Only the owner of a file (or the super-user) is allowed to
change the owner. Unless it is done by the super-user or
the real user ID of the new owner, the set-user-ID permis-
sion bit is turned off as the owner of a file is changed.
FILES
/etc/passwd
BUGS
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CMP(I) 1/15/73 CMP(I)
NAME
cmp - compare two files
SYNOPSIS
cmp___ file1 file2
DESCRIPTION
The two files are compared for identical contents.
Discrepancies are noted by giving the offset and the differ-
ing words, all in octal.
SEE ALSO
proof (I), comm (I)
BUGS
If the shorter of the two files is of odd length, cmp___ acts
as if a null byte had been appended to it. The offset______ is
only a single-precision number.
- 1 -
COMM(I) 8/21/73 COMM(I)
NAME
comm - print lines common to two files
SYNOPSIS
comm____ [ - [ 123___ ] ] file1 file2 [ file3 ]
DESCRIPTION
Comm____ reads file1_____ and file2_____, which should be in sort, and
produces a three column output: lines only in file1_____; lines
only in file2_____; and lines in both files.
If file3_____ is given, the output will be placed there; other-
wise it will be written on the standard output.
Flags 1, 2, or 3 suppress printing of the corresponding
column. Thus comm____ -12__ prints only the lines common to the
two files; comm____ -23__ prints only lines in the first file but
not in the second; comm____ -123___ is a no-op.
SEE ALSO
uniq(|I|), proof(|I|), cmp(|I|)
BUGS
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CP(I) 1/24/73 CP(I)
NAME
cp - copy
SYNOPSIS
cp__ file1 file2
DESCRIPTION
The first file is copied onto the second. The mode and own-
er of the target file are preserved if it already existed;
the mode of the source file is used otherwise.
If file2_____ is a directory, then the target file is a file in
that directory with the file-name of file1_____.
SEE ALSO
cat(I), pr(I), mv(I)
BUGS
Copying a file onto itself destroy