V7/usr/lib/learn/editor.a
eL0 9 #next
1.1a 10
L1.1a 8 A#print
This program will try to help you learn how to use the editor.
You should really know, before starting this, how to use files
and how to type.
There is a "learn files" procedure to teach you about files.
Just to review, the current directory contains some files
whose name begins with "do"; they describe something you should do.
Find out what, do that, and then type "ready".
#create ohio
#create do1
There is a file in this
directory named for a state.
#create do2
Change the name of that file
to 'iowa'.
#user
test ! -r ohio && test -r iowa
#log
#next
2.1a 1
2.2a 10
tL10.1a J 6#print
Often, what you want to do is print an entire file,
and often you don't know exactly how long it is.
There is a special abbreviation for this purpose:
the character
$
refers to the last line in the file, and so
1,$p prints all of a file.
Here's a new file. Print it out using the editor
command 1,$p. Then do the usual w, q, and ready.
#create Ref
1,$p
w
q
#create file
New York Mets Managers
Casey Stengel
Wes Westrum
Gil Hodges
Yogi Berra
Roy McMillan
#copyin
#pipe
ed file
#user
#unpipe
#uncopyin
tail -3 .copy >X1
#cmp X1 Ref
#log
#next
10.1b 10
L10.1b @3 #print
You can of course combine the various sorts
of line addresses we have been using.
Suppose the last line is line 6; then $ is
line 6, and $-1 is line 5. Thus $-1 is the
next to last line, and
1,$-1p
prints all but the last line of a file. Again,
I'll put you in the editor: print the last three lines
of the file. End with the usual w, q, and ready.
#create Ref
Gil Hodges
Yogi Berra
Roy McMillan
89
#create file
New York Mets Managers
Casey Stengel
Wes Westrum
Gil Hodges
Yogi Berra
Roy McMillan
#copyout
#pipe
ed file
#user
#unpipe
#uncopyout
tail -4 .ocopy >X1
#cmp X1 Ref
#fail
I hope you realized the addresses had to be
$-2,$p
to get the last three lines.
#cmp X1 Ref
#log
#next
11.1a 10
11.2a 5
L10.2a L e#print
Often you want to refer to the last line
of a file, and you don't know how long it is.
There is a special address, "$" for this purpose.
"$" refers to the end of a file. Thus
$p
prints the last line of a file and
1,$p
prints all of a file.
Here's another file. Print all of it, and
then type the usual w, q, and ready.
Your commands should look like
1,$p
w
q
ready
#create Ref
1,$p
w
q
#create file
New York Mets Managers
Casey Stengel
Wes Westrum
Gil Hodges
Yogi Berra
Roy McMillan
#copyin
#pipe
ed file
#user
#unpipe
#uncopyin
tail -3 .copy >X1
#cmp X1 Ref
#log
#next
10.1b 10
10.2b 5
sL10.2b M #print
You can of course use "$" with other addresses.
For example, print from the third line of this file
through the end; then leave with the usual w, q, and ready.
#create Ref
IBM
Sperry Rand Univac
Control Data
Honeywell
80
#create file
Burroughts
National Cash Register
IBM
Sperry Rand Univac
Control Data
Honeywell
#copyout
#pipe
ed file
#user
#unpipe
#uncopyout
tail -5 .ocopy >X1
#cmp X1 Ref
#log
#next
10.3c 2
10.2c 5
10.1b 10
L10.2c 7C n#print
And you can also use other kinds of
addresses with the "$" address.
For example, you can use ".", or
combinations with ".", as addresses.
Consider printing from the current
line to the end of the file - what
would the "p" command look like?
Type "answer COMMAND" where "COMMAND"
is that command.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match .,$p
#log
#next
10.1b 3
10.3a 0
L10.3a N H#print
Often you want to refer to the last line
of the file. You don't have to know the number
of lines in the file to do that; there
is a special address, "$", that always
refers to the last line. So you
can print the last line of a file with $p;
try that, then type w, q and ready as usual.
#create Ref
This is the end of the file and the line you should print.
95
#create file
don't print this line
or this one
This is the end of the file and the line you should print.
#copyout
#pipe
ed file
#user
#unpipe
#uncopyout
tail -2 .ocopy >X1
#cmp X1 Ref
#log
#next
10.3b 5
10.3c 10
L10.3b O #print
You can print an entire file making use
of the fact that "$" refers to the last line.
The command
1,$p
prints from the first line to the last one,
or the whole file. Try printing this
whole file with this command, and
then typing w, q and ready. Your commands
should look like
1,$p
w
q
ready
#create Ref
1,$p
w
q
#create file
New York Mets Managers
Casey Stengel
Wes Westrum
Gil Hodges
Yogi Berra
Roy McMillan
#copyin
#pipe
ed file
#user
#unpipe
#uncopyin
tail -3 .copy >X1
#cmp X1 Ref
#log
#next
10.2b 10
L10.3c (z #print
Don't forget the use of arithmetic combinations
with the "p" command. For example, the
current line is "." and the next line is ".+1";
do you see how to print the current line and the
next line with one command? Think of it as "print
from this line to the next line". Type "answer COMMAND"
where COMMAND is what your line with "p" will look like.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match .,.+1p
#match .,+p
#match .,+1p
#match .,.1p
#log
#next
10.3d 5
10.1b 10
L10.3d C #print
Suppose you wanted to print from the current
line to the end of the file? What's the command
for that? Again, type "answer COMMAND" where
COMMAND is what your line with "p" will look like.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match .,$p
#log
#next
10.3e 5
10.1b 10
L10.3e <z -#print
Again, remember the possibility of arithmetic
combinations. If "$" is the last line, what
is the line before the last line? Type "answer XXX"
where "XXX" is the way you would refer to the line
before the last line of the file.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match $-1
#match $-
#log
#next
10.3f 10
hL10.3f U #print
How would you print from the first line of a file to
the next to last line (thus printing all but the last
line of something)? I'll put you in the editor - do that
and then type the usual w, q and ready.
#create Ref
Boroughs
Manhattan
Brooklyn
Queens
the Bronx
Staten Island
92
#create file
Boroughs
Manhattan
Brooklyn
Queens
the Bronx
Staten Island
Don't print this line!
#copyout
#pipe
ed file
#user
#unpipe
#uncopyout
tail -7 .ocopy >X1
#cmp X1 Ref
#log
#next
10.1b 5
cL11.1a #print
By now you are probably wondering how you
get into the editor if someone else doesn't put
you there. The main command interpreter (the shell)
recognizes
ed
as the name of the editor. (On some systems, it's
also called "e", which is a useful abbreviation.)
You can give a file name,
which becomes the current file. Thus
ed NAME
in response to $ puts you in the editor with
current file as specified by NAME.
So you can print a file with the sequence
ed file
1,$p
w
q
All right. There is a file in the current
directory named for a New Jersey city. Print
it with "cat" and then with the editor.
Then type "ready".
#create Ref
2 cups sifted all-purpose flour
1 tablespoon double-acting baking powder
1/2 teaspoon salt
1/4 cup butter
3/4 cup milk
119
#create trenton
2 cups sifted all-purpose flour
1 tablespoon double-acting baking powder
1/2 teaspoon salt
1/4 cup butter
3/4 cup milk
#copyout
#user
#uncopyout
tail -6 .ocopy >X1
#cmp X1 Ref
#log
#next
12.1a 10
12.2a 5
L11.2a #print
So far I have always put you into the editor.
How do you get there yourself? The main command
interpreter (the shell) recognizes
ed
as the name of the editor. (On some systems,
it is also called "e", which is a useful abbreviation.)
You can also say
ed file1
which put you in the editor with the current file
"file1". So, for example, you can print the
last line of a file with
ed NAME
$p
w
q
where NAME is the name of the file.
In this directory is a file named "file45". Print the
last line of it, and then exit as above.
#create Ref
This file contains nothing
of great importance and
you should not be printing
these lines because the only
line that you were asked for
was
this line, the last line.
#create file45
This file contains nothing
of great importance and
you should not be printing
these lines because the only
line that you were asked for
was
this line, the last line.
#copyout
#pipe
#user
#unpipe
#uncopyout
grep last .ocopy >X1
tail -1 Ref >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
11.2b 10
12.2a 5
L11.2b X #print
You can clearly print a whole file
with
e filename
1,$p
w
q
which prints a file, just as "cat filename"
does. Print the file "stuff" using the
editor.
Then type "ready".
#create Ref
Actually this file is a very
short file and prints quickly.
60
#create stuff
Actually this file is a very
short file and prints quickly.
#copyout
#pipe
#user
#unpipe
#uncopyout
tail -3 .ocopy >X2
#cmp X2 Ref
#log
#next
11.2c 10
cL11.2c Y #print
You can of course execute other shell commands
before going into the editor. For example,
in this directory there is a file named for a New Jersey
city. Find out what file it is; then print it with "cat"
and with the editor to check the listings are the same.
Then type "ready".
#create Ref
2 cups sifted all-purpose flour
1 tablespoon double-acting baking powder
1/2 teaspoon salt
1/4 cup butter
3/4 cup milk
#create trenton
2 cups sifted all-purpose flour
1 tablespoon double-acting baking powder
1/2 teaspoon salt
1/4 cup butter
3/4 cup milk
#copyout
#pipe
#user
#unpipe
#uncopyout
grep '....' .ocopy | tail -5 >X1
#cmp X1 Ref
#log
#next
12.1a 10
12.2a 5
cL12.1a ^#print
Each 'w' command typed so far has written the edited material
back on the same file that it came from originally.
This can be changed by giving a filename on the 'w' command:
w camden
will write the current editor buffer
on file 'camden'. What does the following
sequence of commands do?
ed old
w new
q
As you can see, it picks up file 'old', and
writes it on file 'new'. It has the same effect
as
cp old new
does.
This directory contains a file
with a name beginning with 'h'. Make a copy
of that file named 'norman'. Check the copy
by listing the old and new files with 'cat' before
you type 'ready'.
#create harry
Four score and seven years ago our
fathers brought forth on this continent
a new nation, conceived in liberty and
dedicated to the proposition that
all men are created equal.
#user
#cmp harry norman
#log
#next
12.1b 10
L12.1b [ #print
This directory still has both files named 'harry'
and 'norman' in it. You checked that they were
the same with 'cat'. Now, for an easier time,
try 'diff'. If it doesn't report any differences,
you can be sure the files are the same.
#create harry
Four score and seven years ago our
fathers brought forth on this continent
a new nation, conceived in liberty and
dedicated to the proposition that
all men are created equal.
#create norman
Four score and seven years ago our
fathers brought forth on this continent
a new nation, conceived in liberty and
dedicated to the proposition that
all men are created equal.
Type "ready" when you're done experimenting.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
grep diff .copy >/dev/null
#log
#next
13.1a 10
13.2a 5
L12.2a )#print
Each 'w' command typed so far has written the edited material
back on the same file that it came from originally.
This can be changed by giving a filename on the 'w' command:
w camden
will write the current editor buffer
on file 'camden'. What does the following
sequence of commands do?
ed old
w new
q
As you can see, it picks up file 'old', and
writes it on file 'new'. It has the same effect
as
cp old new
does.
In this directory there is a file named "old".
Copy that file to file "new" with the editor, using
the commands given above. Check by printing
both files with "cat" that they are the same.
Type "ready" when done.
#create Ref
Four score and seven years ago our
fathers brought forth on this continent
a new nation, conceived in liberty and
dedicated to the proposition that
all men are created equal.
#create old
Four score and seven years ago our
fathers brought forth on this continent
a new nation, conceived in liberty and
dedicated to the proposition that
all men are created equal.
#user
#cmp old new
#log
#next
12.2b 5
vL12.2b F 9#print
Now use the editor to copy file "first"
to file "second".
Then type "ready".
#create Ref
Bell Telephone Laboratories
600 Mountain Avenue
Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974
#create first
Bell Telephone Laboratories
600 Mountain Avenue
Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974
#user
#cmp Ref second
#log
#next
12.2c 5
cL12.2c ^ #print
Again, you can type various commands before
entering the editor. This directory
contains a file whose name begins with the
letter 'h'. Make a copy of that file
named "norman". Check by printing
the files, either in the editor or with
the "cat" command, that they are the same.
Then type "ready".
#create harry
Pushkin
Tolstoy
Dostoevsky
Chekhov
Gorky
Pasternak
Solzhenitsyn
#user
#cmp harry norman
#log
#next
12.1b 10
L13.1a F 2#print
Remember we said that you didn't have to know the
number of the last line, because '$' could
always be used for that. What if you want to know
how long the file is? Well, the editor command
$=
will tell you what '$' is set to, i.e. the number of
lines in the file. You can find the number of lines in
any file, then, by editing it and then typing "$=".
(You then must leave the editor with the usual w,q).
How many lines are there in file 'henry'? You may want to check
by listing the file with "cat" as well as by using "$="
in the editor. Don't forget to leave the editor with
the usual 'w', 'q'; eventually, type "answer N"
where N is the number of lines.
#create henry
Murray Hill
Holmdel
Whippany
Madison
Piscataway
Chester
Warren
#copyin
#pipe
#user
#unpipe
#uncopyin
#match 7
#log
#next
14.1a 10
L13.2a e#print
Remember that "$" is the last line in
the current file. Suppose you want to
know how long the file is, i.e. what the
number of the last line is. The command
$=
will tell you that. So you can find the
length of the file "data" by saying
ed data
$=
w
q
Try that; then check by listing the file
with "cat" to see how long it is. Then type
"ready".
#create data
This is the file
which you should
find the number
of lines in by
typing "$=" in
the editor and see
that it has exactly
nine lines in it
when printed.
#copyout
#pipe
#user
#unpipe
#uncopyout
grep 9 .ocopy >/dev/null
#log
#next
13.2b 5
L13.2b G 8#print
How many lines are there in file "henry"?
When you find out, leave the editor, and
then type "answer N" where N is the number
of lines in file "henry".
#create henry
Murray Hill
Holmdel
Whippany
Madison
Piscataway
Chester
Warren
#copyin
#pipe
#user
#unpipe
#uncopyin
#match 7
#log
#next
14.1a 10
14.2a 5
L14.1a #print
You can also use the "=" command to find out what
the 'current' line is. Since the
current line is referred to as '.', do you see that
.=
is the appropriate command to print the current line
number? So if you go through a sequence like
3p
.=
the second command will print '3'. That's not very
exciting, so why don't you edit file 'roger',
print the next to last line, and then use '.='
to find out what it is. Don't forget to exit
from the editor with w, and then q. Then
finish by typing "answer N" where
N is what you found, as usual.
#create roger
this is a short
file containing five lines
of which
this line is next to last
indeed
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match 4
#log
#next
15.1a 10
15.2a 5
L14.2a #print
You can also use the "=" command to find out what
the 'current' line is. Since the current line
is named '.', the appropriate command is
.=
and so if you say
3p
.=
the second command will print '3'. Since you should not
believe what I tell you without checking it, edit file
"doubt" and type the two commands above, which first
print line 3 (and incidentally set "." to that line) and
then ask what number "." is. Then type w, q, ready.
#create doubt
you didn't have to print this line
you didn't have to print this line
to err is human, to really foul things up takes a computer
you didn't have to print this line
you didn't have to print this line
#copyout
#user
#uncopyout
grep 3 .ocopy >/dev/null
#log
#next
14.2b 5
sL14.2b d #print
You can use all kinds of addresses with "=" so
that you can find the number of the last line with
$=
for example. There is a file 'monteverdi' in this
directory: find out the number of the next to last line.
Then exit from the editor with w, q and type "answer N"
where N is the number of the next to last line.
#create monteverdi
madrigals
magnificat a 6 voci
mass a 4 voci
motets
l'orfeo
psalms
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match 5
#log
#next
15.1a 10
15.2a 5
hL15.1a ŗ |#print
So far you only know how to copy and print existing files
in the editor, and not how to get started from scratch.
The 'a' (append) command lets you type in new text.
For example, the sequence
ed file
a
this is a new line of text
.
w
q
will append the line
this is a new line of text
to the editor buffer, and then write it on "file".
(If "file" doesn't already exist, the editor will
warn you, but it's not an error.)
Note that the material being added ends with the
line that just contains a single '.' and that normal
editor commands then resume. Following this pattern,
make a file named "pres" that contains the
line
franklin delano roosevelt
and, after you have written it with a 'w' command,
and done your 'q', try saying "cat pres" to check that
you did it right.
Then type "ready".
#create Ref
franklin delano roosevelt
#user
#cmp pres Ref
#log
#next
15.1b 10
L15.1b H :#print
You can of course put several lines between the 'a' and the '.'
to type in lots of text at one time. Here is a set
of lines: type them in and name the file "fruit".
Type "ready" when done. Input is ...
#create Ref
apple
peach
pear
plum
nectarine
orange
#print Ref
#user
#cmp Ref fruit
#log
#next
16.1a 10
L15.2a җ #print
So far you have learned how to
copy and print existing files, and now
you probably want to know how to add new text
to a file. The "a" (append) command lets
you do that. For example, the sequence
ed file
a
A man, a plan, a canal - Panama.
.
w
q
will append the line
A man, a plan, a canal - Panama.
to the editor buffer, and write it on file "file".
(If "file" didn't exist already, the editor will
warn you. It's not an error, just a warning.)
Try that. Then say "cat file" to check what was written,
and then type "ready".
#create Ref
A man, a plan, a canal - Panama.
#user
#cmp file Ref
#log
#next
15.2b 5
15.3b 2
L15.2b h #print
Now make a file containing the line
The Hon. Brendan Byrne
and write it on file "gov".
Then type "ready".
#create Ref
The Hon. Brendan Byrne
#user
#cmp gov Ref
#log
#next
15.1b 10
eL15.2c cz W#print
Note that every set of lines to be appended ends
with the character '.' alone on a line. This is essential
to get back to editor command level. Whenever you have
been appending, and you later type a 'p' or 'w' command
and the editor appears not to respond, check that you
remember to type the '.' to stop appending. This is a very
common error even among experienced users. Suppose you type
in, appending to a file, five lines; what must you type on
the sixth line before typing 'w'? Type "answer X" where X
is that character.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match .
#log
#next
15.2d 5
15.3d 2
L15.2d i 4#print
As we mentioned, you can add several lines at once. Here is
a set of lines; go into the editor, append them, write them
on a file named "fruit", and then leave the editor and
type "ready".
#create Ref
apple
peach
pear
plum
nectarine
orange
#print Ref
#user
#cmp Ref fruit
#log
#next
16.1a 10
15.3e 5
L15.3b ؗ #print
You can put several lines betwen the 'a' and the '.', as
in this example which creates a file named 'opera'.
ed opera
a
abduction from the seraglio - mozart
aida - verdi
alcina - handel
anna bolena - donizetti
.
w
q
Try this as shown. Then type "ready".
(Notice the warning that "opera" doesn't exist
when you start.)
#create Ref
abduction from the seraglio - mozart
aida - verdi
alcina - handel
anna bolena - donizetti
#user
#cmp opera Ref
#log
#next
15.2c 5
L15.3d k #print
Use the editor to make a file named 'pres' and containing
the single line
franklin delano roosevelt
and then type "ready".
#create Ref
franklin delano roosevelt
#user
#cmp pres Ref
#log
#next
15.3e 5
L15.3e k ^#print
Remember that after typing the '.' which ends an append
you can type ordinary commands at the editor. Go into
the editor; append the line
washington, d.c.
and then print it with the 'p' command. Then write it
on a file named "city" and leave the editor and type "ready".
#create Ref
washington, d.c.
#user
#cmp city Ref
#log
#next
15.3f 5
L15.3f I #print
Now make a file named "towns" that contains the lines
summit
chatham
westfield
cranford
madison
and print it out to check you did it right.
Then type "ready".
#create Ref
summit
chatham
westfield
cranford
madison
#user
#cmp towns Ref
#log
#next
16.1a 10
oL16.1a #print
When you are typing after an 'append' command,
the editor is no longer listening for its ordinary
commands. Between 'a' and '.' none of your
usual 'p', 'w', or 'q' commands are recognized. The only
thing that will make the editor wake up is to type '.'
alone on a line. So to type in text, then print it,
you must go through a sequence like
ed file
a
input text
.
1,$p
w
q
and you must not type the "1,$p" until you have typed
the '.'. Do you understand? Will the sequence
ed junk
a
input line
$=
.
w
q
print the number of the last line typed in? If you don't
know, try it. Then type 'yes' or 'no'.
#copyin
#pipe
#user
#unpipe
#uncopyin
#match no
#log
#next
16.1b 10
16.2a 5
yL16.1b n #print
So far you've only appended to empty files. If the file
you are appending to has something in it, you have to
decide where you want the new material to be placed.
You can give a line address with 'a', and the append
command will place the new material after that line.
For example,
3a
input
.
places 'input' after line 3. What will be the line
number of the input line? Type 'answer N', as usual.
#pipe
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#unpipe
#match 4
#log
#next
16.1c 10
L16.1c o *#print
The current directory contains a file
named 'hand'. The third line is missing:
add the line
middle finger
after line 2 of this file.
Check what you're doing by printing the file
with
1,$p
before and after the change.
Then rewrite the file with the usual w, q,
and then type "ready".
#create Ref
thumb
index finger
middle finger
ring finger
little finger
#create hand
thumb
index finger
ring finger
little finger
#create rhand
thumb
index finger
ring finger
little finger
#pipe
#user
#unpipe
#cmp hand Ref
#log
#next
17.2a 5
18.1a 10
18.2a 7
L16.2a ( #print
So far you have always appended to an empty file,
so that there was no problem about where the appended lines
were placed in the file. If the file you're appending to
already has lines in it, you can say where you want the
new material to be placed by giving a line address with 'a',
and you can check on this by printing the file.
Try the following sequence and note what happens to the new lines
that are added with the "3a" command:
ed rivers
1,$p
3a
merrimack
connecticut
hudson
.
1,$p
w
q
ready
#create Ref
penobscot
androscoggin
kennebec
merrimack
connecticut
hudson
delaware
susquehanna
#create rivers
penobscot
androscoggin
kennebec
delaware
susquehanna
#user
#cmp rivers Ref
#log
#next
16.2c 5
L16.2c q #print
You can see that the 'a' command adds lines after the
line addressed. So if you type
2a
at the editor, what will be the line number of the
first line that you added? Type "answer N" where N is the
number it will have.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match 3
#log
#next
16.1c 5
L17.2a r c#print
You must always remember what the computer is expecting
from you: shell commands, editor commands, or input
text after an 'append'. Suppose you are
typing append text: what do you type to get
back to where you can type editor commands? Type
"answer X" where "X" is replaced by what you type.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match .
#log
#next
17.2b 5
nL17.2b r #print
What do you type to go from
the editor command level to where
you type input text? (The append command).
Type "answer X" where X is what you type.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match a
#log
#next
17.2c 5
tL17.2c z #print
What command do you type to go from the
shell to the editor? Type "answer X" where
X is the command name.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match e
#match ed
#log
#next
17.2d 5
L17.2d t #print
And, finally, what is the last line you type
to go to the shell from the editor? Again, respond
"answer X" where X is the command.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match q
#log
#next
18.1a 10
18.2a 5
L18.1a u y#print
Sometimes it is desirable to add text before a
known line, rather than after it. For this purpose
there is an 'i' (insert) command that places the new
material before the specified line. Otherwise, 'i'
is exactly like 'a', so that
3i
is the same as
2a
Remember the address of the last line? Just
before the last line of file 'airlines'
insert the line
twa
and then rewrite the file with w, q, and type ready.
#create Ref
american
braniff
continental
delta
eastern
national
pan am
twa
united
#create airlines
american
braniff
continental
delta
eastern
national
pan am
united
#user
#cmp airlines Ref
#log
#next
19.1a 10
L18.2a 3 f#print
Once in a while you want to add text just before
a certain line, rather than just after it. For this purpose
there is a command 'i' (insert) which is just like 'a'
except that the new material goes before the addressed line,
instead of after it. For example,
3i
is the same as
2a
Try this sequence, which prints the editor buffer before
and after the insertion, to see what happens.
ed cars
1,$p
3i
lincoln
chevrolet
.
1,$p
w
q
ready
#create Ref
ford
mercury
lincoln
chevrolet
buick
pontiac
oldsmobile
#create cars
ford
mercury
buick
pontiac
oldsmobile
#user
#cmp cars Ref
#log
#next
18.2c 7
18.3a 3
L18.2c z #print
Again, remembering that "5i" is the same as "4a"
what command is the same as
.-1a
to the editor? Respond "answer XX" where XX is that
command.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match i
#match .i
#log
#next
18.2d 2
18.2e 6
sL18.2d * #print
What command will insert lines before the second line from the
end of the file? Type "answer XXX" where XXX is that command.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match $-2i
#match $-3a
#log
#next
18.2e 5
L18.2e x l#print
Just before the last line of file 'airlines'
in this directory insert the line
twa
and then rewrite the file with w, q, and
type "ready".
#create Ref
american
braniff
continental
delta
eastern
national
pan am
twa
united
#create airlines
american
braniff
continental
delta
eastern
national
pan am
united
#user
#cmp airlines Ref
#log
#next
19.1a 10
19.2a 5
L18.3a y
#print
Since 'i' is the same as 'a' except for the position
of the inserted material, what character must end
every block of lines inserted with the 'i' command?
Type "answer X" where X is that character.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match .
#log
#next
18.3b 5
18.2c 10
L18.3b y T#print
Remembering that 'i' inserts one line before
the 'a' command, so that after
3a
the first input line is number 4 while after
3i
the first input line is number 3, what command
using 'i' is the same as the command
5a
to the editor? Type "answer XX" where XX is that
command.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match 6i
#log
#next
18.2c 5
L19.1a z #print
Now that you know how to add lines to a file,
you will want to know how to get rid of them.
The command
5d
will delete line 5 of a file. The command
.d
will delete the current line.
In the file 'pres' either the 5th or 6th line
is wrong. Print those lines and delete the bad
one; then rewrite the corrected file.
Then type 'ready'.
#create Ref
george washington
john adams
thomas jefferson
james madison
james monroe
john quincy adams
andrew jackson
martin van buren
william henry harrison
john tyler
#create pres
george washington
john adams
thomas jefferson
james madison
james monroe
this is wrong Qwertyuiop
john quincy adams
andrew jackson
martin van buren
william henry harrison
john tyler
#pipe
#user
#unpipe
#cmp pres Ref
#log
#next
19.1b 10
L19.1b { #print
Just as you can print several lines at once by
giving a range of addresses with the 'p' command,
you can delete several lines at once by giving
two addresses. For example,
2,5d
deletes lines 2, 3, 4 and 5 of the current file. The
command
1,.-1d
deletes all lines up to but not including the current line.
And
1,$d
deletes EVERY line. (Use with extreme caution, obviously.)
There is a file named 'counties' in this directory.
Throw away the first five lines of it and rewrite it.
Then type 'ready' as usual.
#create Ref
Morris
Warren
Union
Somerset
Hunterdon
#create counties
Bergen
Passaic
Sussex
Hudson
Essex
Morris
Warren
Union
Somerset
Hunterdon
#pipe
#user
#unpipe
#cmp counties Ref
#log
#next
20.1a 10
20.2a 5
L19.2a ? #print
To avoid just accumulating lines forever, you need some
way of getting rid of them. The 'd' command (delete) removes
lines you don't want. Since it also removes lines that
you do want if you tell it to, you should be careful
with this command. Deleting one line at a time
is always pretty safe. For example
5d
will delete line 5 of a file. Try the following
sequence; note that I've used "cat"
for a change.
cat bmt
ed bmt
5d
w
q
cat bmt
ready
#create Ref
14th st
23rd st
28th st
34th st
times square
49th st
57th st
#create bmt
14th st
23rd st
28th st
34th st
42nd st
times square
49th st
57th st
#user
#cmp bmt Ref
#log
#next
19.3b 3
19.2c 8
L19.2c M m#print
In this directory there is a file "pres" in which
either the 5th line or the 6th line does not
belong. Edit the file, print the dubious lines,
delete the bad one, and then rewrite the file.
Then type "ready".
#create Ref
george washington
john adams
thomas jefferson
james madison
james monroe
john quincy adams
andrew jackson
martin van buren
william henry harrison
john tyler
#create pres
george washington
john adams
thomas jefferson
james madison
james monroe
this is wrong Qwertyuiop
john quincy adams
andrew jackson
martin van buren
william henry harrison
john tyler
#user
#cmp pres Ref
#log
#next
19.2d 5
L19.2d z #print
You can delete several lines at once by giving a range
of addresses with the 'd' command. For example, the sequence
ed howto
2,5d
w
q
will delete lines 2 through 5 of the file "howto" and write
the shorter material on the file "new". Try that. Then say
cat howto
cat new
to see the differences; then type "ready".
#create Ref
To use UNIX:
5. dial ext. 4321
6. type userid in response to login
7. type commands
#create howto
To use UNIX:
1. turn terminal power on
2. check terminal is in "line" mode
3. check duplex switch in "full" position
4. check baud rate at "300"
5. dial ext. 4321
6. type userid in response to login
7. type commands
#user
#cmp new Ref
#log
#next
19.2e 5
20.1a 10
oL19.2e z 5#print
Now, for comparison, use the "diff" command to
check on the differences between "howto" and "new".
Try typing
diff howto new
and then "ready".
#create howto
To use UNIX:
1. turn terminal power on
2. check terminal is in "line" mode
3. check duplex switch in "full" position
4. check baud rate at "300"
5. dial ext. 4321
6. type userid in response to login
7. type commands
#create new
To use UNIX:
5. dial ext. 4321
6. type userid in response to login
7. type commands
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match diff howto new
#match diff new howto
#log
#next
19.2f
L19.2f 0N 9#print
There is a file "counties" in this directory.
Try deleting the first five lines of the file.
Then type "ready".
#create Ref
Morris
Warren
Union
Somerset
Hunterdon
#create counties
Bergen
Passaic
Sussex
Hudson
Essex
Morris
Warren
Union
Somerset
Hunterdon
#user
#cmp counties Ref
#log
#next
20.1a 10
20.2a 5
L19.3b IN #print
You can use any other kind of address you want
with 'd'; for example,
.d
will delete the current line. Remember the
name of the last line? Pick up file
"flower" and delete the last line and
rewrite the file. Then type "ready".
#create Ref
aster
chrysanthemum
daffodil
marigold
petunia
rose
tulip
zinnia
#create flower
aster
chrysanthemum
daffodil
marigold
petunia
rose
tulip
zinnia
hummingbird
#user
#cmp flower Ref
#log
#next
19.2c 10
L2.1a > J#print
Now to check that you can type, a line will
be typed at you: type it back in, and then type "ready".
Type the line exactly as it is typed at you, including
the colons that bracket it.
: pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs :
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match : pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs :
#log
#next
3.1a 10
L2.2a > #print
As an easier typing test, see if you can just get
the word "management" in correctly. Type it
in response to "$" and then type "ready".
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match management
#log
#next
3.1a 10
L20.1a #print
You can now change a line of a file, using only the
commands already taught, by deleting the old line
and inserting a new one.
This is not a very convenient way to do that, so
there is a command 'c' (change) which combines
those operations.
5c
input text
here.
.
will delete line 5 and replace it by the lines
input text
here.
Note that the text following 'c', just like the text
after 'i' and 'a', must end with a line containing just
one '.' and nothing else.
This directory contains a file named 'short'
with six lines in it. Change the last line to read
new version of last line
and rewrite the file; then end with "ready".
#create Ref
This is a short file
which contains exactly
six lines of text
of which you are
to change the last line
new version of last line
#create short
This is a short file
which contains exactly
six lines of text
of which you are
to change the last line
this is the last line.
#pipe
#user
#unpipe
#cmp Ref short
#log
#next
21.1a 10
gL20.2a #print
You can now change a line of a file by a slow procedure: delete the
old version and insert the new one. For example, you could replace
line 4 of a file with
4d
3a
new version of line 4
.
right? OK, try that. There is a file named "words" in this
directory and line 4 contains a mistyped word. Correct it and
rewrite the file; then type "ready".
#create Ref
bear
begin
belief
believe
belt
bend
#create words
bear
begin
belief
beleive
belt
bend
#user
#cmp words Ref
#log
#next
20.2b 5
L20.2b e #print
There is an easier way to do that. You can just say
5c
input text for new version
.
using the 'c' command ('c' stands for 'change') which
will delete the old version of the line and
replace it. Note that the input text after 'c' ends
with a '.' just like the text after the 'a' or 'i' commands.
This directory contains a file named "lineup". Change
the third line to read "neal walk" and print the file
before and after. Use a sequence like this, ending in ready:
ed lineup
1,$p
3c
neal walk
.
1,$p
w
q
ready
#create Ref
walt frazier
earl monroe
neal walk
bill bradley
spencer haywood
#create lineup
walt frazier
earl monroe
john gianelli
bill bradley
spencer haywood
#user
#cmp lineup Ref
#log
#next
20.2c 5
aL20.2c m 4#print
You can also change several lines, and you need not replace
lines with the same number of lines. You can put any amount
of text between the 'c' command and the closing '.', and
you can remove any number of lines from the file by specifying
a range of addresses. For example,
2,5c
first
second
.
would replace the FOUR lines 2,3,4 and 5 of the file with TWO
new lines containing "first" and "second". You can of course
use more complicated addresses involving $ and . if you wish.
This directory contains a file "oldrr". Delete the last two
lines and replace them by a line reading
penn central
and write the new version on a file named "newrr". Then use "diff"
to compare the old and new versions of the file.
Eventually, type "ready".
#create Ref
maine central
bangor and aroostook
boston and maine
grand trunk
vermont central
boston and albany
new haven
delaware and hudson
new york, susquehanna, and western
erie-lackawanna
chessie system
lehigh valley
long island railroad
penn central
#create oldrr
maine central
bangor and aroostook
boston and maine
grand trunk
vermont central
boston and albany
new haven
delaware and hudson
new york, susquehanna, and western
erie-lackawanna
chessie system
lehigh valley
long island railroad
new york central
pennsylvania
#user
#cmp newrr Ref
#log
#next
21.1a 10
L21.1a N ,#print
Remember all the basic commands: 'e', 'a', 'w' and 'q'.
Make a file named 'test' that contains the following lines, exactly
as presented below. Then type "ready".
#create Ref
maine
new hampshire
vermont
massachusetts
rhode island
connecticut
#print Ref
#user
#cmp Ref test
#log
#next
21.1b 5
L21.1b T#print
In this directory there is a file 'fix'. It contains
a mistyped line. Print the file; then change that
line and rewrite the file correctly.
Then type "ready".
#create Ref
Bell System Companies include:
American Telephone and Telegraph Company
Long Lines Division
Western Electric Company
Bell Laboratories
Teletype Corporation
Associated Companies
#create fix
Bell System Companies include:
American Telephone and Telegraph Company
Long Lines Division
Western Electric Company
Bell Lxxxxtories
Teletype Corporation
Associated Companies
#user
#cmp Ref fix
#log
#next
21.1c 5
21.1e 10
L21.1c #print
This directory contains a file "list" which has
a list of words in it. What word is on the last line
of the file? The file is rather long - I'd suggest you
not try to print all of it. Type "answer WORD" where
WORD is the word on the last line of the file.
#create list
aardvark
adapt
addition
alert
allege
alphabet
announce
answer
apple
architect
arrange
avoid
this
is
going
to
be
very
boring
if
you
keep
trying
to
print
the
whole
file
you
should
have
said
$p
and
I
would
suggest
you
hit
delete
now
and
try
that
instead
i
am
very
patient
and
you
are
not
going
to
like
waiting
for
all
of
this
to
go
on
for
ver
...
...
..
...
year
youth
zebra
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match zebra
#log
#next
21.1d 5
yL21.1d D
#print
How long is file "text"? (That is,
how many lines does it have, or what
is the line number of the last line.) Remember the
"=" command? This file is also too long for you
to print out in full.
Type "answer N" where N is the number of the last
line.
#create text
a
able
about
above
absolutely
accidents
act
add
administered
admiration
adoring
advancing
adventure
advised
after
afternoon
afterward
again
against
agent
alacrity
all
allow
almost
alone
along
alongside
alp-climbers
alpenstock
alpine
alps
already
also
alter
although
am
among
an
and
animal
animals
another
anxiety?
any
apparent
applause
appointed
appreciation
are
argued
armor-bearers
around
arrange
arrived
article
as
ascend
ascending
ascent
aside
asked
assailed
assaulting
assembled
assist
at
attempt
attended
attention
attracted
avalanches
away
awful
back
badly
baffled
barometer
barrier
battered
battle
be
beautiful
because
become
bed
been
before
began
beginning
behind
being
believed
beneficent
better
between
big
bitter
black
blue
book
both
boughs
brass
break
breast
breath
bridge
bringing
broke
broken
brought
burdens
burst
but
by
called
calmly
came
can
cannot
caravan
carpeted
carried
case
catch
caught
caused
cavalcade
ceased
cellar
center
certainly
chair
chance
change
chaplain
cheered
chief
chilly
church
circumstance
citizens
civilization
clear
clearly
climb
climber
clock
closed
clove
coil
cold
column
comfort
command
commanded
commended
concluded
condition
confronted
consequently
considerable
considered
consisted
constantly
consulting
contrived
convinced
cord
could
country
couple
courage
course
cover
covered
cows
crash
crawling
crept
crippling
crossed
crowd
crowded
cruel
crumbly
crutches
custom
cut
danger
dangerous
dark
dead
deaf
dear
decided
decked
declared
deep
deeply
defective
demanded
demoralization
densely
deployed
descending
describe
desert
deserted
despair
despondency
detachment
detail
detailing
did
die
directly
dirt
disappear
disappeared
dismal
disposition
divert
do
doing
done
donkey
doom
down
draped
dressed
drooped
dull
dumb
during
eager
ear
ears
earth
earthquake
easy
eat
edelweiss
either
elephants
eleven
eloquence
embrace
encounter
end
ended
enough
entered
entirely
established
estimate
even
evening
events
ever
every
everybody
examine
exceeded
excellent
except
excess
exclaimed
excursions
executed
exhaustion
expected
expedition
experimenter
explained
explosion
extreme
eye
eyes
face
faces
fact
fagged
failed
fainted
fallen
false
far
fast
fastened
faster
fatal
father
fatigue
fear
feared
fearful
fears
feature
feel
feet
fell
fellow
fetch
feverishly
few
fifteen
filing
find
finer
firmly
first
five
five-pound
fixed
flank
foot
for
forest
forgotten
form
forth
forty-foot
forward
found
four
frantic
free
frequency
fresh
friend
frightened
from
front
frozen
full
furthest
fury
gave
gazing
general
gentle
get
give
glad
glanced
gliding
go
going
gone
good
got
grace
grand
gratifying
great
green
ground
grow
growing
guide
guides
guttered
had
half
half-mile
halt
hampered
hand
hands
happened
harder
hardly
harris
hat
hate
haunts
have
having
he
head
hear
heard
heavens
heavy
held
here
hesitated
high
hill
him
himself
his
hoist
hold
homes
hook
hook-rope
hoping
horns
host
hotel
hotels
hour
hours
how
hurry
huts
huzza
i
ice-ax
ice-axes
idea
if
implement
implements
imposing
impressive
impulse
in
inches
including
indignant
ingratitude
injured
innocent
inquiries?
inquiring
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
tail -1 .copy >X1
%s/../lcount <text >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
21.1e 6
L21.1e #print
This directory contains a file "abot" which
has an extra line (one line was typed twice).
Remove the extra line and rewrite the
file; then type "ready". This file is
fairly short.
#create Ref
seven qualities characterize the clod and seven the
wise man: the wise man does not speak before him
that is greater than he in wisdom; he does not
break into his fellow's speech; he is not in a rush to
reply; he asks what is relevant and replies to the
point; he speaks of first things first and of last
things last; of what he has not heard he says "I
have not heard"; and he acknowledges what is true.
and the opposites apply to the clod.
#create abot
seven qualities characterize the clod and seven the
wise man: the wise man does not speak before him
that is greater than he in wisdom; he does not
break into his fellow's speech; he is not in a rush to
break into his fellow's speech; he is not in a rush to
reply; he asks what is relevant and replies to the
point; he speaks of first things first and of last
things last; of what he has not heard he says "I
have not heard"; and he acknowledges what is true.
and the opposites apply to the clod.
#user
#cmp abot Ref
#log
#next
30.1a 10
30.2a 5
L3.1a ,? #print
The editor accepts commands one per line,
just like the other programs in UNIX; but its
commands are unique to it. The
only command present in every editing session is the
last one, 'q' (quit) which returns to the normal
command interpreting program. I'm going to put
you in the editor. Type 'q' to leave,
and then type "ready" when you get the '$' from
the normal command handler.
#create junk
You're in the editor.
#pipe
ed - junk
1p
#user
#unpipe
#cmp junk junk
#log
#next
3.1b 5
tL3.1b > #print
A particularly important editor command
is 'w' (write). This writes whatever
you are working on, including everything you
have typed in or changed, into a file,
so that you can work on it again later.
If you try to quit from the editor without
writing out your changes, the editor will complain
(but only once -- a second 'q' will let you out).
Generally it's wisest to leave the editor by typing
w
q
rather than just 'q'. I'll put you in the editor;
type those two commands to leave. Then type
"ready".
#create bpres
Washington Adams Jefferson
#create pres
Washington Adams Jefferson
#pipe
ed pres
#user
#unpipe
#cmp pres bpres
#succeed
Note that the editor typed 27. This is the number
of characters it wrote into the file. This
is reassuring - it tells you the write was
successful. The count of characters read
is also typed, which is why you got a '27'
before your responses.
#log
#next
4.1a 10
4.2a 5
L30.1a O 0#print
Although it is always possible to fix errors by retyping
the entire erroneous line with the 'c' command, it is
usually much faster to make small changes within
a line. The editor allows this with the 's' (substitute)
command. For example,
s/abc/def/
will change a line previously reading
xxx abc
into one reading
xxx def
by replacing the string 'abc' in the line with the string 'def'.
In this directory is a file 'pres' with one line that says
'harry' where it should say 'george'. Fix it using the
substitute command to change 'harry' into 'george'. You
should use the 'p' command to print the line before and
after, checking that you did it correctly. Then
rewrite the file and type 'ready'.
#create Ref
george washington
#create pres
harry washington
#user
#cmp Ref pres
#log
#next
30.1b 10
L30.1b #print
As with other commands, you can specify a line
number in front of the 's' command. Thus
3s/x/a/
will change the first 'x' to an 'a' on the third line
of the current file. Pick up file 'town' and
change the 'q' on the last line to a 'p'. Then
rewrite the file and type 'ready'.
#create Ref
south orange
maplewood
millburn
short hills
summit
new providence
#create town
south orange
maplewood
millburn
short hills
summit
new qrovidence
#user
#cmp town Ref
#log
#next
31.1a 10
L30.2a p #print
Changing a whole line with the 'c' command is a slow way
to work when you only want to change a few letters. The 's' (substitute)
command changes the letters within a line. For example, the command
s/abc/def/
will change a line reading
xxxabc
into one reading
xxxdef
by replacing the string 'abc' with 'def'. Try the following sequence which
alters the first line of the file 'test' within this directory:
ed test
1p
s/months/years/
1p
w
q
ready
#create Ref
Four score and seven years ago our
fathers brought forth ...
#create test
Four score and seven months ago our
fathers brought forth ...
#user
#cmp test Ref
#log
#next
30.2b 5
L30.2b #print
In this directory is a file 'pres' whose first line says
'harry' where it should say 'george'. Fix it using the
substitute command to change 'harry' into 'george'. You should
use the 'p' command to print the line before and after, checking
that the change took place. Then rewrite the file and
type 'ready'.
#create Ref
george washington
#create pres
harry washington
#user
#cmp pres Ref
#log
#next
30.1b 10
30.2c 5
L30.2c #print
As with other commands, you can specify a line number
with the 's' command. Thus
3s/x/a/
will change the first 'x' on line 3 to an 'a'. Here is
a file "street" in which the fifth line has an 'r'
where it should have an 'a'. Try
the sequence
ed street
5s/r/a/
5p
w
q
ready
#create Ref
first avenue
second avenue
third avenue
lexington avenue
park avenue
madison avenue
#create street
first avenue
second avenue
third avenue
lexington avenue
prrk avenue
madison avenue
#user
#cmp street Ref
#log
#next
30.2d 5
L30.2d 3#print
In this directory is a file named "airport"
whose second line says "xx" where it should say
"ne". Edit the file, change those letters, and
rewrite the file. Then type "ready".
#create Ref
idlewild
newark
laguardia
#create airport
idlewild
xxwark
laguardia
#user
#cmp airport Ref
#log
#next
30.2e 5
uL30.2e FP O#print
Now edit the file named "town" and change
the 'q' on the last line to a 'p'. Rewrite the
corrected file and type 'ready'.
#create Ref
south orange
maplewood
millburn
short hills
summit
new providence
#create town
south orange
maplewood
millburn
short hills
summit
new qrovidence
#user
#cmp town Ref
#log
#next
30.2f 5
31.1a 10
eL30.2f G#print
Now there is a file named "equipment"
and on the next to last line is a word
that contains 'nn' where it should have 'mm'.
Fix it and rewrite the file. Then type "ready".
#create Ref
screwdriver
wrench
saw
hammer
pliers
#create equipment
screwdriver
wrench
saw
hanner
pliers
#user
#cmp equipment Ref
#log
#next
30.2g 5
1L30.2g X#print
This directory contains a file named "markets" which
has a 'q' on the last line where it should have a 'p'.
Rewrite the corrected version on a new file named
"nmark". Then type "ready".
#create Ref
shop-rite
acme
kings
a&p
finast
pathmark
#create markets
shop-rite
acme
kings
a&p
finast
qathmark
#user
#cmp nmark Ref
#log
#next
30.2h 5
L30.2h I #print
The two files you were editing are still around here.
Use "diff" to see what the differences between them are
and check that the correction was made properly. Then
type "ready".
#create markets
shop-rite
acme
kings
a&p
finast
qathmark
#create nmark
shop-rite
acme
kings
a&p
finast
pathmark
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match diff markets nmark
#match diff nmark markets
#log
#next
31.1a 10
L31.1a }#print
I hope you have been checking the effects of your
substitutions by using the 'p' command before and
after the changes. This is so often desired that
you may type the 'p' on the same line, after the 's'
command. Thus
s/ab/cd/p
changes 'ab' to 'cd' and prints the line after the change.
In this directory there is a file named 'tree'. Try changing
the fourth line, which now reads
spruxx
to read
spruce
and then rewrite the file, and type 'ready'.
#create Ref
pine
fir
hemlock
spruce
birch
beech
hickory
maple
#create tree
pine
fir
hemlock
spruxx
birch
beech
hickory
maple
#user
#cmp Ref tree
#log
#next
32.1a 10
31.2b 5
L31.2b \#print
This directory contains a file "animal" which has
a mistyped line. Print the file, find the line,
fix the error using the 's' command, and then
rewrite the corrected file and type "ready".
#create Ref
cat
dog
raccoon
groundhog
mouse
mole
#create animal
cat
dog
rakkoon
groundhog
mouse
mole
#user
#cmp animal Ref
#log
#next
32.1a 10
31.2c 5
L31.2c #print
In this directory there is a file "checks"
which contains 3 errors. Fix the spelling errors
and rewrite the file. Then type "ready".
#create Ref
The establishment of credit all over the civilized world made it
possible to develop new inventions, enlarge factories, produce more
goods so that more people could earn wages to buy them. Soon even
the supply of paper money would have been too small to take care of
the needs of business, had it not been for a new form of money. This
was the "check-book dollar."
There are now from 25 to 30 billion dollars in paper money
circulating in the United States. But that is only one tenth of
what is needed to do business every year. The other 90 per cent is
in the form of check-book dollars.
#create checks
The establishment of credit all over the civilized world made it
possible to develop new inventions, enlarge factories, produce more
goods so that more people could earn wages to buy them. Soon even
the supply of paper money would have been too smalp to take care of
the needs of businees, had it not been for a new form of money. This
was the "check-book dollar."
There are now from 25 to 30 billion dollars in paper money
circulating in txe United States. But that is only one tenth of
what is needed to do business every year. The other 90 per cent is
in the form of check-book dollars.
#user
#cmp checks Ref
#log
#next
32.1a 10
32.2a 5
oL32.1a iQ #print
Just as you can specify files with an abbreviation,
it is also possible, in the 's' command, to
use an abbreviation for the string to be used
for substitution. Unfortunately, the characters
used to indicate an abbreviation are quite
different, and you must learn them separately for the
editor and the file-name interpreter. (Sorry about
that, but that's the way the world is.)
The symbol for 'any character' is '.'. Thus
s/a./bc/p
looks for an 'a' followed by anything, and changes those
characters into 'bc'.
Thus the line
what now
would become
whbc now
after that command.
What will the word "floating" become after
s/a./or/
is executed? Type "answer WORD" where WORD is the new version.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match flooring
#log
#next
32.1b 10
L32.1b |#print
Note that the substitute command changes the first
instance of something that matches. Consider the
line
now is the time for all good men
and the substitute command
s/tim/TIM/
applied to it.
Which word in the line will be altered by that command?
Type "answer WORD" where WORD is the word that will
be changed.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match time
#log
#next
32.1c 10
L32.1c #print
Now, with the line
now is the time for all good men
and the command
s/t../TIM/p
what word will be changed? Again, type
"answer WORD"; remember that "." matches
any character, and the first match is picked.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match the
#log
#next
33.1a 10
33.2a 5
L32.2a #print
Just as you can use abbreviations to specify a class of
filenames, you can use abbreviationss in the editor to recognize
strings in the substitute command. Unfortunately, the
characters used in the editor are quite different from the
ones used in the file-name handler to specify patterns.
(Sorry about that, but that's the way the world is.)
The symbol for 'any character' is '.' and this will
match any single letter or other character in a line.
For example,
s/a./bc/
looks for an 'a' followed by anything, and changes those
two letters into 'bc'. Try this sequence and note
what happens.
ed line
p
s/a./bc/p
w
q
ready
#create Ref
me bcd you
#create line
me and you
#user
#cmp line Ref
#log
#next
32.2b 5
32.2c 10
iL32.2b 7#print
Or, to take another example, the command
s/h./ar/
would turn the word "that" into "tart": the '.' matches
the 'a'. What would that command change the
word "what" into? Reply "answer WORD" where WORD
is what the substitute command would produce.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match wart
#log
#next
32.2c 5
tL32.2c #print
What will the word "floating" become after
the command
s/a./or/
is executed? Type "answer WORD" where WORD is the
new version.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match flooring
#log
#next
32.2d 5
32.1b 10
WL32.2d Q #print
Is the word "stop" changed by the command
s/to/xx/p
Type "yes" or "no".
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match yes
#log
#next
32.2e 5
.L32.2e Q #print
Is the word "stop" changed by the command
s/tp/xx/p
Type "yes" or "no".
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match no
#log
#next
32.2f 5
32.1b 10
nL32.2f Q #print
Is the word "stop" changed by the command
s/t./xx/p
Type "yes" or "no".
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match yes
#log
#next
32.2g 5
2L32.2g $#print
One place where "." is useful is in changing
letters that are hard to type, e.g. the # and @
characters. For example, the command
s/a.b/xxx/
will change "a#b" to "xxx". There is a file named
"goof" in this directory whose third line contains
the word
sp#xll
which should be "spell". Change it and rewrite the file;
then type "ready".
#create Ref
whoever typed this
either couldn't type
or couldn't spell
properly.
#create goof
whoever typed this
either couldn't type
or couldn't sp#xll
properly.
#user
#cmp goof Ref
#log
#next
32.1b 5
L33.1a #print
When you want to match one of a few specific characters, and not
just any character, the pattern is similar to the pattern used
in filenames. The patterns used with the editor, by
the way, are called "regular expressions". The string
[abc]
matches 'a', 'b' or 'c'. So if the current line
is
now is the time for all good men
and the command is
s/t[ijk]/xx/
what word is changed? Type "answer WORD" where WORD is the
word changed by that command.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match time
#log
#next
33.1b 10
eL33.1b , #print
Write the command that will change
either the word "that" or the word "than"
into "this", and then print the result. Type
"answer COMMAND" on a line, where COMMAND is
that string. (That is, COMMAND
will be of the form
s/.../.../p
where you have replaced the ... with the right stuff.)
You can test this out by going into the editor and
typing in a line that contains "that" and "than"
and trying to change it. You should do that until you
are sure you have the command right.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match s/tha[nt]/this/p
#match s/tha[tn]/this/p
#match s/tha[nt]/this/gp
#match s/tha[tn]/this/gp
#log
#next
34.1a 10
34.2a 5
pL33.2a #print
When you want to match one of a few specific characters,
and not anything, the pattern is similar to that used in
file names. That is,
[abc]
matches the letters 'a', 'b', or 'c', but nothing
else. Try this sequence and note what happens:
ed lines
1,$p
1s/[123]/9/
2s/[123]/9/
1,$p
w
q
ready
#create Ref
599
948
#create lines
519
348
#user
#cmp lines Ref
#log
#next
33.2b 5
L33.2b { #print
You can of course use the [] operators anywhere in
a pattern. Editor patterns, by the way, are called
"regular expressions". For example, suppose you wanted
to change either the word "trick" or the word "track"
to "stop". What command would you need?
Do you see that
s/tr[ia]ck/stop/p
will do that? Now figure out what command you would
need to change either "bear" or "beat" into "best"
and print the line after the change.
Type "answer COMMAND" where COMMAND is that line.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match s/bea[rt]/best/p
#match s/bea[tr]/best/p
#match s/bea[rt]/best/
You forgot the "p" part.
#match s/bea[tr]/best/
You forgot the "p" part.
#log
#next
33.2c 5
L33.2c #print
Suppose the current line is
now is the time for all good men
and you type the substitute command
s/t[ijk]/xx/
what word is changed? Type "answer WORD" where
WORD is the word changed in the line.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match time
#log
#next
34.1a 10
33.1b 5
L34.1a S #print
You can also specify "all characters except ..."
using an expression of the form
[^ab]
which means "anything except an 'a' or 'b' character".
Will
s/ab[^cde]/xyz23/p
change
xbcabfgh
Type "yes" or "no".
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match yes
#log
#next
34.1b 10
L34.1b S 3#print
Will the command
s/ab[^cde]/xx/p
change the line
abcxyzabfxyz
Type "yes" or "no".
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match yes
#fail
Remember that the s/.../../ command will
keep looking through the line for something
to change, even if the beginning of the
line doesn't match.
#log
#next
35.1a 10
35.2a 5
tL34.2a 4#print
You can also specify "all characters except ..."
using an expression of the form
[^ab]
which means "any character except the letters 'a' or 'b'.
This is just like filename patterns again. Does
[^abc]
match the letter 'a'? Answer "yes" or "no".
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match no
#log
#next
34.2b 5
L34.2b x #print
Does
[^abc]
match the letter 'd'? Answer "yes" or "no".
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match yes
#log
#next
34.2c 5
L34.2c i #print
Does [abc] match 'a'? Answer "yes" or "no"?
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match yes
#log
#next
34.2d 5
L34.2d v #print
Does [^abc] match the '*' character?
Type "yes" or "no".
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match yes
#log
#next
34.2e 5
L34.2e #print
Suppose you wanted to match all letters and
punctuation marks. You could try
[^ ]
which is "anything but blank".
Try the following commands:
ed cut
1p
1s/p[^ ]/xxx/p
w
q
ready
#create Ref
stop this comxxxter
#create cut
stop this computer
#user
#cmp cut Ref
#log
#next
34.2f 5
oL34.2f IT #print
Will
s/ab[^cde]/xyz23/p
change
xbcabfgh
Type "yes" or "no". (Try it out
first in the editor if you don't know.)
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match yes
#log
#next
34.1b 10
L35.1a }#print
The "*" character is also used in substitute commands,
but it has a different meaning. Here it means
"any number of repetitions of the previous character".
(including zero!). Thus
a*
is any number of 'a' characters, and
[ab]*
is any number of either 'a' or 'b' characters.
So
s/ab*/xy/
looks for an 'a' followed by any number of 'b'
letters, and will change
abbb cde
into
xy cde
You can use '*' after anything, including for example
blank. Thus
s/a */a/
removes all the blanks after the letter 'a'. In this
directory there is a file 'text'. On the third line,
remove the blanks after the word 'the'. Then rewrite the
file and type "ready".
#create Ref
This is the file
for experimentation
with the(substitute)
command.
#create text
This is the file
for experimentation
with the (substitute)
command.
#user
#cmp text Ref
#log
#next
36.1a 10
36.2a 5
cL35.2a { s#print
The '*' character is also used in the editor patterns (the regular
expressions) but it has quite a different meaning from '*'
as used in filenames. In the editor it means "any
number of repetitions of the previous character." Thus
a*
might match "a" or "aa" or "aaa" or "aaaa" and so on.
It might also match nothing, because "any number
of repetitions" includes "zero"! Perhaps it
will be clearer after you do the following example.
Note what happens to the two lines. Type
ed file
1,2p
1s/xa*/xy/
2s/xa*/xy/
1,2p
w
q
ready
#create Ref
abxy
abxycd
#create file
abxaaa
abxcd
#user
#cmp file Ref
#log
#next
35.2b 5
L35.2b % D#print
Now suppose we wanted to delete the blanks
after the letter "t" in this line:
here are a lot of blanks
This line is on file "blank". Try the sequence
ed blank
1p
s/t */t/p
w
q
ready
#create Ref
here are a lotof blanks
#create blank
here are a lot of blanks
#user
#cmp blank Ref
#log
#next
35.2c 5
L35.2c :#print
You can use '*' to look for a string of characters
from one of the character classes. Suppose, for example,
we wanted a long string of either 'a' or 'b', followed
by 'x'. Then we could write
s/[ab]*x/.../
In this directory is a file named "table".
It has only one line. On that line, replace all the digits
followed by a comma with the letters "too big". For example,
"123,000" should become "too big,000".
Then rewrite the file and type "readY".
#create Ref
Heathrow too big,159
#create table
Heathrow 17073,159
#user
#cmp table Ref
#log
#next
35.2d 5
L35.2d WU \#print
A useful operation is to replace a string of several blanks
by exactly one blank. Note that you can't just write
s/ */ /
because the " *" willl match any number of blanks
including zero. Thus it will always match at the beginning
of the line, even if there is no blank there.
The normal sequence is
s/ */ /
which will only substitute for a string
that has at least one blank in it.
Try that command on the line in the file "line".
Then rewrite the file "line" and type "ready".
#create Ref
here is a long space.
#create line
here is a long space.
#user
#cmp line Ref
#log
#next
35.2e 5
L35.2e U #print
A very powerful construction is ".*",
which matches any character (remember '.')
repeated any number of times. For example
s/a.*b/.../
replaces anything of the forms
axyzb, aaaaaab, a1234b, abbbb
since it requires just an 'a' and a 'b'
at the ends of the string, with
anything at all in between.
Or, to throw away everything
on a line after the word "stop", you could try
s/stop.*/stop/
In this directory is a file "sentence".
Delete everything after
the word "last" on the second line of the file.
#create Ref
This file has a sentence in which
this is the last
#create sentence
This file has a sentence in which
this is the last word which should be left.
#user
#cmp sentence Ref
#next
36.1a 10
36.2a 5
L36.1a ?#print
So far all the special characters in the substitute command
have been used in the left-hand expression, the one that
is looked for in the line as it exists before the change.
None of these characters are meaningful in the right-hand
expression; for example,
s/ab/a./
turn "ab" into "a." just as if "." were an ordinary letter.
But there is one character that is special on the right
side of a substitution, which is '&'. The ampersand
is replaced by whatever text is being replaced. In
s/the/&m/
the string "the" is turned into "them" because the '&' is
replaced by "the".
In this directory there is a file 'text'; on the third line,
change the word 'dog' into 'dogs'; then rewrite the file
and say "ready".
#create Ref
cat
mouse
dogs
rat
#create text
cat
mouse
dog
rat
#user
#cmp text Ref
#log
#next
37.1a 10
37.2a 6
oL36.2a (#print
So far all the special characters in the substitute
command are used to select the string to be replaced.
There is one character used in the new string to be inserted.
It is '&' which when used on the right hand side of a substitution,
refers to the expression given on the left hand side.
For example, the command
s/the/&m/
changes "the" into "them". Try that on file "text";
then rewrite the file and type "ready".
#create Ref
we went to see them yesterday.
#create text
we went to see the yesterday.
#user
#cmp text Ref
#log
#next
36.2b 5
L36.2b #print
Now, in file 'pets', change the word 'dog' on the third line
into 'dogs'. Then rewrite the file and type "ready".
#create Ref
cats
hamsters
dogs
gerbils
#create pets
cats
hamsters
dog
gerbils
#user
#cmp pets Ref
#log
#next
36.2c 5
oL36.2c #print
On the right side of a substitute, none of the other
special characters mean anything unusual. Thus, if you wanted to
replace the letter 'a' by an asterisk, for example, the obvious
com and would work:
s/a/*/p
Try, in the file "data", replacing the comma on the last line
with a period. Then rewrite the file and type "ready".
#create Ref
Square Roots
1.00 1.00
2.00 1.42
3.00 1.73
4.00 2.00
You really shouldn't be
printing all of this file -
did you forget that '$' is
the address of the last
line of a file?
Use that instead of printing everything.
5.00 2.23
6.00 2.45
7.00 2.65
8.00 2.83
#create data
Square Roots
1.00 1.00
2.00 1.42
3.00 1.73
4.00 2.00
You really shouldn't be
printing all of this file -
did you forget that '$' is
the address of the last
line of a file?
Use that instead of printing everything.
5.00 2.23
6.00 2.45
7.00 2.65
8.00 2,83
#user
#cmp data Ref
#log
#next
36.2d 5
L36.2d #print
On line 4 of the file "attribute" is either the word
"color" or the word "Color". With one command
add an 's' to the end of the word. Check that you did it right;
then rewrite the file and type "ready".
#create Ref
size weight mass
density shade hue
quality age price
lifetime Colors durability
#create attribute
size weight mass
density shade hue
quality age price
lifetime Color durability
#user
#cmp attribute Ref
#log
#next
37.1a 10
37.2a 6
L37.1a #print
You can use a range of line numbers with the
substitute command to change more than one line at once.
For example,
1,5s/dog/&s/
will change "dog" on each of the first five lines of the
file into "dogs". Edit file "text" and change the word
"cat" on every line into "mouse".
Then rewrite the file and type "ready".
#create Ref
domestic mouse
alley mouse
persian mouse
angora mouse
wildmouse
#create text
domestic cat
alley cat
persian cat
angora cat
wildcat
#user
#cmp text Ref
#log
#next
38.1a 10
38.2a 6
L37.2a #print
A range of line numbers can be used with the substitute
command as with the print command. For example,
$-4,$s/cat/&s/p
will change "cat" into "cats" on the last five lines of
a file. In this directory there is a file "cliche"
containing a number of instances of the word "dog"; change
the instances of "dog" in the first five lines to "dogs".
Then rewrite the file and type "ready".
#create Ref
dogs tired
sick as a dogs
dogs eared
wouldn't send a dogs out on a night like this
every dogs has his day
dog gone
#create cliche
dog tired
sick as a dog
dog eared
wouldn't send a dog out on a night like this
every dog has his day
dog gone
#user
#cmp cliche Ref
#log
#next
37.2b 5
L37.2b ,#print
Now edit file "text" and change the "cat" on every line
into "mouse". Then rewrite the file and type "ready".
#create Ref
domestic mouse
alley mouse
persian mouse
angora mouse
wildmouse
#create text
domestic cat
alley cat
persian cat
angora cat
wildcat
#user
#cmp text Ref
#log
#next
37.2c 5
L37.2c I#print
How would you find a string of digits? Remember
[1234567890][1234567890]*
as an expression? In this directory is a file
"table" which contains some numbers. On every
line of the file, follow all numbers by the
character '%'. It should only take one 's' command.
Then rewrite the file and type "ready".
#create Ref
Budget Outlays
Salaries 32%
Equipment 40%
Rent 13% (incl. utilities)
Interest 9%
Misc. 6%
#create table
Budget Outlays
Salaries 32
Equipment 40
Rent 13 (incl. utilities)
Interest 9
Misc. 6
#user
#cmp table Ref
#log
#next
37.2d 5
6L37.2d {#print
There is another file named "table" in this directory.
Find all numbers and surround them with "*" characters (that
is, "345" becomes "*345*". Then rewrite the file
and type "ready".
#create Ref
Income
Wages *73*
Interest *20*
Gambling *5*
Other *2*
#create table
Income
Wages 73
Interest 20
Gambling 5
Other 2
#user
#cmp table Ref
#log
#next
37.2e 5
1L37.2e #print
Here is something a bit trickier. We want to add
an extra space after each word "lengthen". However,
some of the instances of "lengthen" are followed
by commas or right parentheses and we want the sapace
after the comma or right parenthesis in that case. That
is, the desired transformations are:
now new
lengthen xx lengthen xx
lengthen, xx lengthen, xx
lengthen) xx lengthen) xx
lengthen), xx lengthen), xx
It should only take one substitute command to do this.
Remember that "*" matches zero or more instances of
whatever precedes it.
Try those changes on the first six lines of the file
"text" in this directory. Then rewrite the file and
type "ready".
#create Ref
To lengthen this is easy,
whereas to lengthen, rather
than to shorten, on the previous line
is hard. (To lengthen) is an
infinitive. I said to him, (please lengthen), and
he did so.
Why not lengthen this word? Notice it is on line 7.
#create text
To lengthen this is easy,
whereas to lengthen, rather
than to shorten, on the previous line
is hard. (To lengthen) is an
infinitive. I said to him, (please lengthen), and
he did so.
Why not lengthen this word? Notice it is on line 7.
#user
#cmp text Ref
#log
#next
37.2f 5
L37.2f _#print
The file "paragraph" in this directory contains
a number of commas followed by blanks. Please see
to it that all commas are followed by exactly one blank.
Then rewrite the file and type "ready".
#create Ref
This text, although somewhat
strained, is not really
unintelligible. We have, you see
to get enough commas, like this
into it to give you some real practice.
#create paragraph
This text, although somewhat
strained, is not really
unintelligible. We have, you see
to get enough commas,like this
into it to give you some real practice.
#user
#cmp paragraph Ref
#log
#next
38.1a 10
38.2a 6
PL38.1a #print
Sometimes it is desirable to specify that
the characters to be changed are at the beginning
of the line. This uses the '^' character. For example,
s/^ab/xy/p
will change "ab" to "xy" ONLY if "ab" begins the line.
Remember that
s/ab/xy/p
would just change the first "ab" anywhere in the line.
In this directory there is a file "text"; whenever the
letters "cat" begin a line, change them to "mouse; but leave
other instances of "cat" unaltered. Do this on each line (it only
takes one command, as you know). Then rewrite the file and
type "ready".
#create Ref
mouse's paw
alley cat
mouse has nine lives
let the cat out of the bag
#create text
cat's paw
alley cat
cat has nine lives
let the cat out of the bag
#user
#cmp Ref text
#log
#next
39.1a 10
L38.2a , #print
Sometimes you want to recognize a string of characters
only if they appear at the beginning of the line.
The character '^' is used for this purpose. The
command
s/^ab/xy/
will change "ab" to "xy" only if "ab" begins the line.
Try the following and watch what it does.
ed file
1,2p
1,2s/^ab/xy/
w
q
ready
#create Ref
xycd
abcd
#create file
abcd
abcd
#user
#cmp file Ref
#log
#next
38.2b 5
L38.2b #print
In this directory there is a file "text"; whenever the
letters "cat" begin a line, change them to "mouse"; but
leave other instances of "cat" unaltered. Do this on each line.
Then rewrite the file and type "ready".
#create Ref
mouse's paw
alley cat
mouse has nine lives
let the cat out of the bag
#create text
cat's paw
alley cat
cat has nine lives
let the cat out of the bag
#user
#cmp text Ref
#log
#next
39.1a 10
eL39.1a #print
Using the "^" character, you can easily put things
at the beginnings of lines. For example
s/^/***/
puts "***" at the beginning of the line. Now edit
the file "text" and put the symbol '=' at the beginning
of lines 3 through 5. Then rewrite the file and type "ready".
#create Ref
beef
pork
=chicken
=duck
=turkey
lamb
fish
#create text
beef
pork
chicken
duck
turkey
lamb
fish
#user
#cmp text Ref
#log
#next
40.1a 10
L4.1a ? j#print
You must recognize that the commands typed at the
editor are distinct from the commands typed at the
normal UNIX command interpreter. In particular,
neither program knows the commands recognized by the
other one. So you must always remember when you
are talking to the normal command interpreter (the
one that says $ to you) and when you are talking
to the editor. The commands 'w' and 'q' are recognized
by the editor. The commands 'ls', 'mv' and so forth
are not.
Can you expect the editor to recognize the command
cat george
Type yes or no.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match no
#log
#next
4.1b 5
5.1a 10
L4.1b ? #print
Can you expect the normal command interpreter (called
the 'shell') to recognize
w
Type yes or no.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match no
#log
#next
5.1a 10
L4.2a ? i#print
The editor and the 'shell' (the normal command
interpreter) accept different commands. The
shell (which types '$' at you) understands
"ls", "mv", "cp", "date" and so forth; the
editor understands such commands as 'w' or 'q'.
Who knows about "diff"?
Type "answer shell" or "answer editor".
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match shell
#log
#next
4.2b 5
4.1b 10
L4.2b & #print
Who will recognize 'w'?
Type "answer shell" or "answer editor".
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match editor
#log
#next
4.1b 5
5.1a 10
sL40.1a #print
There is also a special character which indicates
the end of the line. It is '$'. So that
s/ab$/xy/
changes 'ab' to 'xy' only if 'ab' ended the line.
In the file 'text' there are some lines which end
in 'cup'. Change them to end in 'saucer'. Again,
it only takes one command.
Then rewrite the file and type 'ready'.
#create Ref
3 teaspoons = 1 tablespoon
16 tablespoons = 1 saucer
48 teaspoons = 1 saucer
2 cups = 1 pint
2 pints = 1 quart
1/2 pt = 1 saucer
#create text
3 teaspoons = 1 tablespoon
16 tablespoons = 1 saucer
48 teaspoons = 1 saucer
2 cups = 1 pint
2 pints = 1 quart
1/2 pt = 1 saucer
#user
#cmp text Ref
#log
#next
40.1b 5
40.2b 10
L40.1b V #print
You can also use '$' when you
just want to add something to the end of a line.
For example,
s/$/./
puts a period at the end of a line, without destroying
anything in the line. In file 'decl' there should be a
comma at the end of the third line. Edit this file,
put in the comma, and rewrite the file. Then type "ready".
#create Ref
When in the course of human events, it becomes
necessary for one people to dissolve the political
bands which have connected them with another,
and to assume among the powers of the earth the separate
and equal station to which the laws
of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them ...
#create decl
When in the course of human events, it becomes
necessary for one people to dissolve the political
bands which have connected them with another
and to assume among the powers of the earth the separate
and equal station to which the laws
of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them ...
#user
#cmp decl Ref
#log
#next
41.1a 10
40.2b 9
L40.2b n#print
In the file "section" change all lines ending in the characters
",
to end in
,"
so that, for example, the line
He said "I'll come",
becomes
He said "I'll come,"
and then rewrite the file and type "ready".
#create Ref
This passage contains a few
quoted "strings,"
of which some are "in the middle", and some
"are at the beginning", and some "are at the end,"
but all end with commas.
#create section
This passage contains a few
quoted "strings",
of which some are "in the middle", and some
"are at the beginning", and some "are at the end",
but all end with commas.
#user
#cmp section Ref
#log
#next
40.2c 5
L40.2c
#print
In the file "mess" delete all blanks at the ends
of lines. Be prepared to delete several blanks
if need be (remember the '*' character).
Then rewrite the file and type "ready".
#create Ref
It is possible to use
a small counter to keep
approximate counts
of large numbers. The resulting
expected error can be controlled.
#create mess
It is possible to use
a small counter to keep
approximate counts
of large numbers. The resulting
expected error can be controlled.
#user
#cmp mess Ref
#log
#next
40.2d 5
L40.2d #print
In file "poem" add the character "." (period)
at the end of lines 3 through the end of the file.
Then rewrite the file and type "ready".
#create Ref
When I was a lad I served a term
As office boy in an attorney's firm
I washed the windows and I swept the floor.
And I polished up the handles on the big brass door.
I polished up those handles so carefully.
That now I am the ruler of the Queen's Navy.
#create poem
When I was a lad I served a term
As office boy in an attorney's firm
I washed the windows and I swept the floor
And I polished up the handles on the big brass door
I polished up those handles so carefully
That now I am the ruler of the Queen's Navy
#user
#cmp poem Ref
#log
#next
41.1a 10
nL41.1a { [#print
One thing you must be careful of is that the substitute
command does not know about word boundaries. It will
change the first occurrence of a letter string it matches
without regard to blanks or punctuation around it. Thus,
if the current line is
i would rather be the king
and you type
s/the/a/p
you get
i would raar be the king
instead of
i would rather be a king
Right? You should always print lines after changing them
to avoid missing such errors. You can defend against them
by increasing the amount of context you specify; in this
case, for example, you could say
s/the /a /p
and get
i would rather be a king
Often the "$" operator is useful here, if you want to
change the last thing on the line. In the file 'text',
the third line reads
never, never, never, never, never
Edit this file to make the third line read
never, never, never, never, or hardly ever
Rewrite the file and type "ready".
#create Ref
why should a dog, a horse, a rat, have life,
and thou no breath at all? thou'lt come no more,
never, never, never, never, or hardly ever
pray you, undo this button. thank you, sir.
#create text
why should a dog, a horse, a rat, have life,
and thou no breath at all? thou'lt come no more,
never, never, never, never, never
pray you, undo this button. thank you, sir.
#user
#cmp text Ref
#log
#next
42.1a 10
41.1b 5
42.2a 6
vL41.1b #print
There is a mistyped word in the third line of the file "problem".
Fix it, rewrite the file, and type "ready".
#create Ref
The computer costs too much.
No one knows how to use it.
The switchboard in the main office is broken.
It takes too long to get anything done.
#create problem
The computer costs too much.
No one knows how to use it.
The switchboard in thb main office is broken.
It takes too long to get anything done.
#user
#cmp problem Ref
#log
#next
42.1a 10
42.2a 5
L42.1a #print
Normally the 's' command only changes
the first instance on a line of the expression
it is looking for. Sometimes you want to change
more than one instance. If you put a 'g' after the
command, as in
s/cat/dog/g
all instances of 'cat' will be changed to 'dog'. To
print the result you must say
s/cat/dog/gp
('pg' at the end doesn't work, sorry).
Edit file 'stuff' in this directory to change every
instance of 'green' to 'red' on every line.
Then rewrite the file and type "ready".
#create Ref
red light, village red
red book, red paper, red pencil
red car, red sign, redhorn
#create stuff
green light, village green
green book, green paper, green pencil
green car, green sign, greenhorn
#user
#cmp stuff Ref
#log
#next
43.1a 10
43.2a 5
fL42.2a 2 #print
Normally the 's' command only changes the first instance
on a line of the expression it is recognizing. Sometimes you want
to change everything. For example, try the following sequence,
and note the difference between the changes on the two lines.
ed test
1,2p
1s/cat/cats/p
2s/cat/cats/gp
w
q
ready
#create Ref
the cats in the catalog is a persian cat
the cats in the catsalog is a persian cats
#create test
the cat in the catalog is a persian cat
the cat in the catalog is a persian cat
#user
#cmp test Ref
#log
#next
42.2b 5
L42.2b #print
Now pick up the file 'stuff', change all instances of "green"
everywhere to "red", and then rewrite the file and type "ready".
#create Ref
red light, village red
red book, red paper, red pencil
red car, red sign, redhorn
red with envy
#create stuff
green light, village green
green book, green paper, green pencil
green car, green sign, greenhorn
green with envy
#user
#cmp stuff Ref
#log
#next
42.2c 5
L42.2c #print
Remember the procedures with '*' for changing one or more
of something into one something. Pick up the file
"sloppy" and on every line, whereever there are several
blanks in a row change them to one blank. This can be done
with one command; it is a very common task. Then rewrite the file
and type "ready".
#create Ref
It seems that medieval art
Alone retains its zest
To charm and please its devotees
We've done our level best
We're not quite sure that all we do
Has the Early English ring
But as far as we can tell
It's something like this sort of thing.
#create sloppy
It seems that medieval art
Alone retains its zest
To charm and please its devotees
We've done our level best
We're not quite sure that all we do
Has the Early English ring
But as far as we can tell
It's something like this sort of thing.
#user
#cmp sloppy Ref
#log
#next
43.1a 10
43.2a 5
L43.1a g| ]#print
Note that there is quite a list of special characters
recognized by the editor:
. [ * ^ $ & /
What do you do when you want to specifically use
one of these characters as itself, rather than
for its funny meaning? You must precede it by a backslash,
as in
s/\./,/p
which will change the line
x, y. and z
into
x, y, and z
easily. The same works for all the other special
characters. What command would change
*
into
c
Type "answer COMMAND" where COMMAND is of the form
s/.././p
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match s/\*/c/p
#match s/\*/c/
You forgot the "p" on the end.
#log
#next
44.1a 10
L43.2a : E#print
Note that there is quite a list of characters that
are special to the editor:
. [ * ^ $ & /
What do you do when you want to use one of these
characters as itself, rather than for its special meaning?
You must precede it by a backlash. For example, how
would you turn
".
into
."
Try the following sequence:
ed test
1,3p
1,3s/"\./."/p
w
q
ready
#create Ref
This is a "quoted word."
Here is "another."
Be "careful." Especially with dots.
#create test
This is a "quoted word".
Here is "another".
Be "careful". Especially with dots.
#user
#cmp test Ref
#log
#next
43.2b 5
L43.2b #print
Pick up the file "line" and change
x, y. and z
into
x, y, and z
Then rewrite the file and type "ready".
#create Ref
x, y, and z
#create line
x, y. and z
#user
#cmp line Ref
#log
#next
43.2c 5
iL43.2c #print
This is trickier. Change all sequences of several
asterisks into one asterisk. E.g.
*** xxx ****
becomes
* xxx *
The file is named "stars"; edit it
and then rewrite it. Then type "ready".
#create Ref
List of phone numbers
* 6377 *
* 4582 *
* 3968 *
#create stars
List of phone numbers
** 6377 ***
**** 4582 ****
* 3968 ***
#user
#cmp stars Ref
#log
#next
43.2d 5
eL43.2d 5 #print
This is trickier. File "name" contains
A T and T Co.
Change it to read
A T & T Co.
Then rewrite it and type "ready".
#create Ref
A T & T Co.
#create name
A T and T Co.
#user
#cmp name Ref
#succeed
I hope you used
s/and/\&/p
and did not retype the line.
#log
#next
44.1a 5
L44.1a #print
You have now learned quite a bit about substitute commands.
Here is a larger task to perform. There is a file 'song' in
this directory. Edit it; print it out, and notice that
there are six mistyped words in it. Fix all of them
and rewrite the file. Then type "ready".
#create Ref
Oh, say can you see
by the dawn's early light
What so proudly we hailed
at the twilight's last gleaming
Whose broad stripes and bright stars
through the perilous night
O'er the ramparts we watched
were so gallantly streaming
And the rocket's red glare,
the bombs bursting in air
Gave proof through the night
that our flag was still there
Oh, say does that star spangled banner yet wave
o'er the land of the free
And the home of the brave?
#create song
Oh, say can yuo see
by the dawn's early light
What so proudly we hailed
at the twilight's last glieaming
Whose broad stxripes and bright stxars
through the perilous night
O'er the ramparts we watched
were so gallantly streammming
And the rocket's red glare,
the bombs bursting in air
Gave proof through thre night
that our flag was still there
Oh, say does that star spangled banner yet wave
o'er the land of the free
And the home of the brave?
#user
#cmp song Ref
#log
#next
44.1b 10
L44.1b #print
There is a file named "paragraph" in this directory.
It contains three spelling errors, one line is duplicated,
and the last line is missing (the paragraph should end
"has been carefully coded and is now well under control.").
Fix it up and rewrite it. Then type "ready".
#create Ref
Held at arm's length, this program looks pretty impressive.
There is a large assortment of data declarations, followed
by a computation that is evidently complex enough
to warrant a sub-procedure. Declarations are neatly
aligned, and the executable statements are staggered so
as to indicate several levels of control nesting.
There are text strings to suggest the intent of the program,
and mnemonic identifiers to give hints about how the results
are obtained. The general impression conveyed is that
this is a moderately complicated problem that
has been carefully coded and is now well under control.
#create paragraph
Held at arm's length, this program looks pretty impressive.
There is a large assortment of dta declarations, followed
by a computation that is evidently complex enough
to warrant a sub-procedure. Declarations are neatly
aligned, and the executable statements are stagggered so
as to indicate several levels of control nesting.
as to indicate several levels of control nesting.
There are text strings to suggest the intent of the program,
and mnemonic identifiers to give hints about how the results
are obtained. The genreal impression conveyed is that
this is a moderately complicated problem that
#user
#cmp Ref paragraph
#log
#next
44.1c 10
L44.1c #print
There is a file "list" in this directory which contains
some names. Here are the addresses: add them on
lines after the name (i.e. the file should look like:
Joe Blow
45 Western Ave.
Elmira, NY 10445
Sam Jones
97 Fifth St.
Oshkosh, WI 52302
...
when you are done).
Name address is
Ford 1600 Pennsylvania Ave., Washington, DC 20515
Fenwick 1 Morris St., Morristown, NJ 07960
Rinaldo 308 Main St., Orange, NJ 07050
Rodino 907 Broad St., Newark NJ 07102
#create Ref
The Hon. Gerald Ford
1600 Pennsylvania Ave.
Washington, DC 20515
The Hon. Millicent Fenwick
1 Morris St.
Morristown, NJ 07960
The Hon. Matthew Rinaldo
308 Main St.
Orange, NJ 07050
The Hon. Peter Rodino
907 Broad St.
Newark, NJ 07102
#create list
The Hon. Gerald Ford
The Hon. Millicent Fenwick
The Hon. Matthew Rinaldo
The Hon. Peter Rodino
#user
#cmp Ref list
#log
#next
44.1d 10
oL44.1d ϐ #print
In file "locs" is a list of Bell Labs locations.
Bring it up to date by
a) replace "Raritan River" by "Piscataway"
b) delete "Denville".
c) insert "Atlanta".
d) spell "Merrimack Valley" correctly.
#create Ref
Allentown
Atlanta
Centennial Park
Chester
Columbus
Crawford Hill
Denver
Grand Forks
Guilford Center
Holmdel
Indianapolis
Indian Hill
Kwajalein
Madison
Merrimack Valley
Murray Hill
Piscataway
Reading
Warren
Whippany
#create locs
Allentown
Centennial Park
Chester
Columbus
Crawford Hill
Denver
Denville
Grand Forks
Guilford Center
Holmdel
Indianapolis
Indian Hill
Kwajalein
Madison
Merimack Valley
Murray Hill
Raritan River
Reading
Warren
Whippany
#user
#cmp locs Ref
#log
#next
44.1e
lL44.1e #print
As you've probably noticed, the backslash character "\"
is rather special to the editor (and to other programs
as well). So what do you do when you have to somehow
get a backslash into some text, or to edit it in
or out?
Getting it in in the first place is quite easy: when
you are appending with "a" (or inserting with "i", or
changing with "c", or reading with "r"), there's
nothing special about "\" at all. To verify this,
add the line
Two backslashes \\ do not equal one forward slash.
to the file "junk", re-write it, then type "ready".
#create Ref
This is a file with a silly line in it.
Two backslashes \\ do not equal one forward slash.
#create junk
This is a file with a silly line in it.
#user
#cmp Ref junk
#log
#next
44.1f 10
tL44.1f ǀ #print
The next step is to learn how to edit a line
that contains a backslash. On the left side of an "s"
command, you place a "\" before the "\" to turn off
its special meaning, just as for any other special
character like "*" or "[". For example,
if you have the line
c = '\n'
you can change it into
c = 'n'
with the command
s/\\n/n/
or
s/\\//
(Your choice.)
Practice by removing all the backslashes from the
file "junk"; when you're done, re-write it and
type "ready".
#create Ref
Now is the time for all good
men to come to the aid of
their party, or something like that.
#create junk
Now is \the \tim\\e for all good
m\\en \to com\\e \to \the aid of
\their par\ty, or som\\e\thing like \tha\t.
#user
#cmp Ref junk
#log
#next
44.1g 10
L44.1g t #print
Of course, you can also search for lines that
contain backslashes; again, it's simply a matter
of doubling the backslash in the search pattern.
That is,
/\\/
finds the next line with a backslash.
Find the second occurrence of "\n\n" in the file
"prog.c", and type "answer N", where N is its
line number.
#create prog.c
int nsave = 0;
selunit()
{
char fnam[20], s[50];
static char dobuff[50];
char posslev[20][20];
int diff[20], i, k, m, n, best, alts, statb[20];
FILE *f;
char zb[200];
static char saved[20];
while (ask) {
printf("What lesson? ");
fflush(stdout);
gets(dobuff);
if (strcmp(dobuff, "bye") == 0)
wrapup(0);
level = todo = dobuff;
sprintf(s, "../L%s", dobuff);
if (access(s, 04) == 0)
return;
printf("no such lesson\n");
}
alts = 0;
retry:
f=scrin;
if (f==NULL) {
sprintf(fnam, "../L%s", level);
f = fopen(fnam, "r");
if (f==NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "No script for lesson %s.\n", level);
wrapup(1);
}
while (fgets(zb, 200, f)) {
trim(zb);
if (strcmp(zb, "#next")==0)
break;
}
}
if (feof(f)) {
printf("Congratulations\n\n.You have finished this sequence.\n");
fflush(stdout);
todo = 0;
return;
}
for(i=0; fgets(s, 50, f); i++) {
sscanf(s, "%s %d", &posslev[i], &diff[i]);
}
best = -1;
/* cycle through lessons from random start */
/* first try the current place, failing that back up to
last place there are untried alternatives (but only one backup) */
n = grand()%i;
for(k=0; k<i; k++) {
m = (n+k)%i;
if (already(posslev[m])) continue;
if (best<0) best=m;
/* real alternatives */
alts++;
if (abs(diff[m]-speed) < abs(diff[best]-speed))
best=m;
}
if (best < 0 && nsave) {
nsave--;
strcpy(level, saved);
goto retry;
}
if (best <0) {
/* lessons exhausted or missing */
printf("Sorry, there are no alternative lessons at this stage.\n");
printf("See someone for help.\n\n");
fflush(stdout);
todo = 0;
return;
}
strcpy (dobuff, posslev[best]);
if (alts>1) {
nsave=1;
strcpy (saved, level);
}
todo = dobuff;
fclose(f);
}
abs(x)
{
return(x>=0? x: -x);
}
grand()
{
static int garbage;
int a[2], b;
time(a);
b = a[1]+10*garbage++;
return(b&077777);
}
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match 73
#bad 43
The second______ one.
#log
#next
44.1h 10
fL44.1h u #print
The next trick is to substitute a "\" into a line.
The same idea holds: simply double the backslash,
but this time on the right side of the "s" command.
In the file "prog.c", convert every
'n'
into
"\n"
Re-write the file, and type "ready".
#create Ref
x = "\n";
y = 'nop';
z = 'lmn';
q = "n";
r = "\n"+1;
s = "\n" - "\n";
#create prog.c
x = 'n';
y = 'nop';
z = 'lmn';
q = "n";
r = 'n'+1;
s = 'n' - 'n';
#user
#cmp Ref prog.c
#log
#next
44.1i 10
L44.1i ( #print
One last one with "\". Add the following to
the end of the first line in file "temp",
separated by a single blank.
/* &"\n" isn't &'\n' */
You can do it by re-typing the line, but it's
a nice exercise to use "s".
Type "ready" after you have re-written the file.
#create Ref
p = &"\n"; /* &"\n" isn't &'\n' */
#create temp
p = &"\n";
#user
#cmp temp Ref
#log
#next
45.1a 10
pL45.1a v M#print
There is one last class of substitutions that
you should know about: converting one line
into two or more by substituting a newline
into the middle. Suppose you want to split the
line
Now is the time for all good men
into
Now is the time
for all good men
without re-typing. The substitute command is
s/time /time\
/
The backslash indicates that a newline is to be
inserted at that point; the rest of the "s"
command is actually typed on a new line.
Practice by splitting the first line in file
"btl" into
Bell Laboratories
Murray Hill, NJ 07974
using the "s" command as illustrated above.
Be sure to delete the comma and space properly.
Re-write the file, then type "ready".
#create Ref
Bell Laboratories
Murray Hill, NJ 07974
#create btl
Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ 07974
#user
#cmp btl Ref
#log
#next
45.1b
mL45.1b v #print
The opposite command to splitting is joining.
But this isn't done with a "s" as you might expect;
it uses an entirely separate command called "j"
(for "join"). To join two or more adjacent (!)
lines, such as lines 3 through 6, simply type
3,6j
You can add a "p" at the end to see the result.
If you don't specify any lines, "j" by itself joins
line "." and ".+1".
In no case does "j" add any extra blanks -- you have
to put them in for yourself if you want them.
The file "split" has six lines. Convert it into
three lines by joining 1 and 2, 3 and 4, and 5 and 6.
Make sure that the words are separated by spaces.
Re-write, then type "ready".
#create Ref
Check your arithmetic: avoid costly mistakes.
Attach W-2 forms: they must be attached to your return.
Sign your return: your spouse must sign too.
#create split
Check your arithmetic:
avoid costly mistakes.
Attach W-2 forms:
they must be attached to your return.
Sign your return:
your spouse must sign too.
#user
#cmp Ref split
#log
#next
50.1a
L5.1a ( #print
The most frequently used editor command is
p
which prints out a line. Try that now.
Type the command sequence
p
w
q
to print out a line, and then write out the file.
Then type "ready".
#create Ref
This is the line to be printed. Don't forget w, then q.
56
#create file
This is the line to be printed. Don't forget w, then q.
#copyout
#pipe
ed file
#user
#unpipe
#uncopyout
tail -2 .ocopy >X2
#cmp Ref X2
#log
#next
6.1a 5
6.2a 2
uL50.1a $X w#print
So far all the addresses you have used have been
either line numbers, '$', or '.' (or combinations
thereof). The most useful addresses are none of
those, but are specifications of lines by content.
Anything you can ask the substitute command
to find in a line, you can ask the editor to find
in a file. In particular,
/xx/p
is a valid command with a line address
/xx/
and the 'p' command operator. The address
/xx/
means 'the next line containing an "xx"'.
So this command prints out the next line which
has an "xx" on it. Edit the file 'text' and
print the line which has 'cat' on it. Then
leave the editor and type "ready".
#create text
This is a short list of
things you might find
in the Sears, Roebuck
catalog.
tools
furniture
electrical parts
clothes
appliances
garden equipment.
#copyout
#user
#uncopyout
grep catalog\. .ocopy >/dev/null
#log
#next
50.1b 10
/L50.1b X s#print
You can use all the special characters in the
search commands. For example,
/^cat/p
prints the first line that BEGINS with 'cat'.
You can even leave out the 'p':
/^cat/
does the same thing.
Now go into file 'text' with the editor and
print the first line that ENDS with 'dog'.
Then leave the editor and type 'ready'.
#create text
This is a file which
contains several occurrences
of the word 'dog' in several
places. It would be a doggone
shame if you didn't find
the right dog
to print out.
#copyout
#user
#uncopyout
grep 'dog$' text >X1
grep 'dog' .ocopy >X3
tail -1 X3 >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
50.1c 10
50.2c 5
tL50.1c k#print
You can use other commands than 'p' with these
context search addresses, of course. For example,
/abc.e/s/ab/xx/p
will
(1) search for the next line containing the
expression "abc.e", which matches any line that
has an 'a', then a 'b', then a 'c', then
anything, then an 'e' (so that it matches
"abcde", "abcxe", "abc9e", but not "abceq");
(2) on that line, change the first "ab" to an "xx".
Edit file 'county'; find the line with 'pacific' on it
and change it to 'ocean'. Then rewrite the file
and type "ready".
#create Ref
passaic
bergen
sussex
hudson
essex
warren
morris
hunderdon
somerset
union
ocean
monmouth
middlesex
mercer
cumberland
cape may
#create county
passaic
bergen
sussex
hudson
essex
warren
morris
hunderdon
somerset
union
pacific
monmouth
middlesex
mercer
cumberland
cape may
#user
#cmp county Ref
#log
#next
51.1a 10
50.2e 5
eL50.2c p#print
Edit file "junk" and print the first line
that contains either "color" or "Color".
Then leave the editor and type "ready".
#create junk
this file contains
a few random lines
much noise
bright Colors
other stuff
colored paper
and color by Technicolor
#create x2
bright Colors
#copyout
#user
#uncopyout
grep olor .ocopy >x1
#cmp x1 x2
#log
#next
50.2d 5
50.1c 10
L50.2d X#print
In file "text" print the first
line which contains any of the
words "them", "these", "their", or "there"
(you need only distinguish "the"; that is,
look for the letters "t", "h", and "e" followed
by something other than a blank). Delete the
line you find ; then rewrite the file
and type "ready".
#create Ref
the leaves do not have enough room to hold all the food
that plants make. much of the food has to be stored in remote parts
of the plant.
we eat the parts of plants where the most food is stored. the
carrot plant stores food in its roots. We eat the roots of carrots.
the celery plant stores food in its leaf stalks, which are the parts
the fruits of these plants to get the stored food in them.
some kinds of plants have ways of protecting their stored food.
#create text
the leaves do not have enough room to hold all the food
that plants make. much of the food has to be stored in remote parts
of the plant.
we eat the parts of plants where the most food is stored. the
carrot plant stores food in its roots. We eat the roots of carrots.
the celery plant stores food in its leaf stalks, which are the parts
we eat. many kinds of plants store food in their fruits. we eat
the fruits of these plants to get the stored food in them.
some kinds of plants have ways of protecting their stored food.
#user
#cmp text Ref
#log
#next
50.1c 10
L50.2e #print
Please edit a file named "news" and find the
first word containing the three letters "ufa".
Make the word plural, rewrite the file, and
type "ready".
#create Ref
It was announced today in
Washington that the GNP was
up at an annual rate of 8.2 %
in the third quarter of 1975.
Fishing and agriculture declined
slightly but manufactures increased
substantially. The overall gain
was impressive and confirms economic recovery.
#create news
It was announced today in
Washington that the GNP was
up at an annual rate of 8.2 %
in the third quarter of 1975.
Fishing and agriculture declined
slightly but manufacture increased
substantially. The overall gain
was impressive and confirms economic recovery.
#user
#cmp news Ref
#log
#next
50.2f 10
uL50.2f #print
Look in the file "story". Somewhere is a line
containing the word "season". Find it, and find
what line number it has. Leave the editor
and type "answer N" where N is the line number
of the line containing the word "season".
The file is too long for you to print it all,
by the way.
#create story
All
of
the
Big
Cats,
as
well
as
the
lesser
ones,
have
wonderful
eyes.
They
can
see
clearly
even
on
a
dark
night.
this
is
because
of
the
way
they
are
made.
There
is
a
sort
of
window
in
each
eye.
This
window
is
called
the
pupil.
It
is
black
and
is
placed
in
the
center
of
the
colored
part
of
the
eye.
The
pupil
lets
light
come
in
and
reach
a
kind
of
mirror
at
the
back
of
each
eye.
These
mirrors
reflect
everything
that
is
in
front
of
the
eyes.
Right
away
a
special
nerve
carries
these
reflected
pictures
to
the
brain.
I'm
learning
to
be
a
detective
--
not
the
kind
who
solves
crimes
from
fingerprints,
pieces
of
clothing,
or
the
cross-examining
of
witnesses
--
I'm
learning
to
be
a
nature
detective.
The
mysteries
I
trace
happen
in
the
woods,
in
the
park,
and
in
my
own
backyard.
Animals
come
and
go
when
I'm
not
there
to
see
them,
but
usually
they
leave
clues
behind.
From
such
clues
and
other
animal
signs,
you
and
I
will
piece
together
some
exciting
stories.
We
will
detect
which
animals
went
where,
what
they
did,
and
sometimes
what
they
ate.
Whenever
there
is
snow
on
the
ground,
you
are
sure
to
find
track
stories
written
in
it.
Animals
travel
by
air
by
water
and
by
land.
Some
run
very
fast.
Some
hop
or
jump
along
the
ground.
Others
walk
more
slowly,
or
crawl
still
more
slowly.
Do
you
know
that
plants
are
travelers,
too?
And
that
they
also
travel
by
land,
by
water
and
by
air?
Most
plants
stay
in
the
same
spot
from
the
time
they
begin
to
grow
until
they
die.
But
the
next
season
you
find
many
of
them
growing
in
new
places.
How
do
they
get
there?
Some
plants
travel
by
land.
They
have
seeds
that
fall
to
the
ground
and
grow
there.
Others
send
out
offshoots
or
sprouts
which
start
new
plants
nearby.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match 286
#log
#next
50.2g 10
oL50.2g `#print
The file "amend" contains an erroneous copy of the first
four amendments to the Constitution. Find the line
saying "suspicion" and change it to read
"but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation,"
and then rewrite the file and type "ready".
#create Ref
1. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion,
or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech,
or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble,
and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
2. A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security
of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms
shall not be infringed.
3. No Soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered
in any house without the consent of the Owner, nor in time
of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
4. The right of the people to be secure in their persons,
houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and
seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue,
but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation,
and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the
persons or things to be seized.
#create amend
1. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion,
or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech,
or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble,
and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
2. A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security
of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms
shall not be infringed.
3. No Soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered
in any house without the consent of the Owner, nor in time
of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
4. The right of the people to be secure in their persons,
houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and
seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue,
but upon suspicion,
and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the
persons or things to be seized.
#user
#cmp amend Ref
#log
#next
51.1a 10
51.2a 5
L51.1a A#print
You can also use relative addresses of the +1 or -1
sort with context searches. For example, to
print the line after a line containing "cat",
you can say
/cat/+1p
How would you print the line before the next line
containing the word "help" at the beginning
of the line? Try some experiments if you want,
but in the end type "answer COMMAND" where COMMAND
is the correct command to do that.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match /^help/-1p
#match /^help/-1
#match /^help/-
#match /^help/-p
#succeed
The "p" isn't necessary, of course.
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
52.1a 10
52.2a 5
iL51.2a #print
You can also use relative addresses of the +1 or -1
sort with context searches. For example, to print the
line after the line containing "cat", you could say
/cat/+1p
Here is a file "text". Print the line before the line
containing "florin". Then leave the editor and type "ready".
#create text
The United Netherlands are a confederacy of republics,
or rather of aristocracies of a very remarkable texture, yet
confirming all the lessons derived from those which we
have already reviewed.
The union is composed of seven coequal and sovereign
states, and each state or province is a composition of
equal and independent cities. In all important cases, not
only the provinces but the cities must be unanimous.
The sovereignty of the union is represented by the
States-General, consisting usually of about fifty deputies
appointed by the provinces. They hold their seats, some
for life, some for six, three, and one years; from two
provinces they continue in appointment during pleasure.
The States-General have authority to enter into
treaties and alliances; to make war and peace; to raise
armies and equip fleets; to ascertain quotas and
demand contributions. In all these cases, however, unanimity
and sanction of their constituents are requisite.
They have authority to appoint and receive ambassadors;
to execute treaties and alliances already formed; to
provide for the collection of duties on imports and exports;
to regulate the mint with a saving to the provincial
rights; to govern as sovereigns the dependent territories.
The provinces are restrained, unless with the general
consent, from entering into foreign treaties; from
establishing imposts injurious to others, or charging
their neighbors with higher duties than their own subjects. A
council of state, a chamber of accounts, with five colleges
of admiralty, aid and fortify the federal administration.
The executive magistrate of the Union is the
stadtholder, who is now an hereditary prince. His principal
weight and influence in the republic are derived from his
independent title; from his great patrimonial estates;
from his family connections with some of the chief
potentates of Europe; and, more that all, perhaps, from his
being stadtholder in the several provinces, as well as for
the Union; in which provincial quality he has the
appointment of town magistrates under certain regulations,
executes provincial decrees, presides when he pleases in
the provincial tribunals, and has throughout the power
of pardon.
As stadtholder of the Union, he has, however,
considerable prerogatives.
In his political capacity he has authority to settle
disputes between the provinces, when other methods fail; to
assist at the deliberations of the States-General and at
their particular conferences; to give audiences to foreign
ambassadors and to keep agents for his particular affairs
at foreign courts.
In his military capacity he commands the federal
troops, provides for garrisons, and in general regulates
military affairs; disposes of all appointments, from
colonels to ensigns, and of the governments and posts of
fortified towns.
In his marine capacity he is admiral-general and
superintends and directs every thing relative to naval forces
and other naval affairs; presides in the admiralties in
person or by proxy; appoints lieutenant-admirals and
other officers; and establishes councils of war, whose
sentences are not executed till he approves them.
His revenue, exclusive of his private income, amounts
to 300,000 florins. The standing army which he commands
consists of about 40,000 men.
#create x2
His revenue, exclusive of his private income, amounts
#copyout
#user
#uncopyout
grep exclusive .ocopy >x1
#cmp x1 x2
#log
#next
51.2b 5
cL51.2b ] a#print
Suppose you have a memo in a file and
the line with the title is preceded by a line
with "TL" on it. What command would print
the title? Reply
answer COMMAND
where COMMAND is the search-and-print command to do that.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match /TL/+1p
#match /TL/+
#match /TL/1
#match /TL/1p
#match /TL/+p
#match /TL/+1
#log
#next
51.2c 5
nL51.2c #print
How would you look for a blank line? Do you
understand
/^$/p
Note this command: it looks for the beginning of the
line, followed immediately by the end of the line. If
there are any characters in between, it will keep
looking for a line with no__ characters at all. All right.
The file "text" contains an extraneous blank line.
Delete it and rewrite the file.
#create Ref
When the people of America reflect that they are now
called upon to decide a question, which in its consequences
must prove one of the most important that ever
engaged their attention, the propriety of their taking a
very comprehensive, as well as a very serious, view of it
will be evident.
Nothing is more certain than the indispensable necessity
of government; and it is equally undeniable that
whenever and however it is instituted, the people must
cede to it some of their natural rights, in order to vest it
with requisite powers. It is well worthy of consideration,
therefore, whether it would conduce more to the interest
of the people of America that they should, to all
general purposes, be one nation, under one federal government,
than that they should divide themselves into
separate confederacies and give to the head of each the
same kind of powers which they are advised to place in
one national government.
It has until lately been a received and uncontradicted
opinion that the prosperity of the people of America
depended on their continuing firmly united, and the wishes,
prayers, and efforts of our best and wisest citizens have
been constantly directed to that object. But politicians
now appear who insist that this opinion is erroneous,
and that instead of looking for safety and happiness in
union, we ought to seek it in a division of the States
into distinct confederacies or sovereignties. However
extraordinary this new doctrine may appear, it nevertheless
has its advocates; and certain characters who were
much opposed to it formerly are at present of the number.
Whatever may be the arguments or inducements
which have wrought this change in the sentiments and
declarations of these gentlemen, it certainly would not be
wise in the people at large to adopt these new political
tenets without being fully convinced that they are founded
in truth and sound policy.
#create text
When the people of America reflect that they are now
called upon to decide a question, which in its consequences
must prove one of the most important that ever
engaged their attention, the propriety of their taking a
very comprehensive, as well as a very serious, view of it
will be evident.
Nothing is more certain than the indispensable necessity
of government; and it is equally undeniable that
whenever and however it is instituted, the people must
cede to it some of their natural rights, in order to vest it
with requisite powers. It is well worthy of consideration,
therefore, whether it would conduce more to the interest
of the people of America that they should, to all
general purposes, be one nation, under one federal government,
than that they should divide themselves into
separate confederacies and give to the head of each the
same kind of powers which they are advised to place in
one national government.
It has until lately been a received and uncontradicted
opinion that the prosperity of the people of America
depended on their continuing firmly united, and the wishes,
prayers, and efforts of our best and wisest citizens have
been constantly directed to that object. But politicians
now appear who insist that this opinion is erroneous,
and that instead of looking for safety and happiness in
union, we ought to seek it in a division of the States
into distinct confederacies or sovereignties. However
extraordinary this new doctrine may appear, it nevertheless
has its advocates; and certain characters who were
much opposed to it formerly are at present of the number.
Whatever may be the arguments or inducements
which have wrought this change in the sentiments and
declarations of these gentlemen, it certainly would not be
wise in the people at large to adopt these new political
tenets without being fully convinced that they are founded
in truth and sound policy.
#user
#cmp Ref text
#log
#next
52.1a 10
52.2a 5
L52.1a 5 #print
A very powerful tool is to use pairs of addresses
which include searches. For example, to print
all lines from the present line to the next line
containing "stop", say
.,/stop/p
(remember that "." is the present line). In this
directory is a file "outline". Find the line that
begins "B.3.i". Note that this line, and the next
few lines, should begin "A..." for consistency.
(Print the whole file to see what's wrong).
Change all lines from this line to
the line beginning "B.3.v" to begin "A.3".
Then rewrite the file and type "ready".
#create Ref
First section
A.1.i Introduction
A.1.ii Definitions
Second section
A.2.i Scope
A.2.ii Date effective
A.2.iii Who covered
Third section
A.3.i Governing committee
A.3.ii Chairman's election
A.3.iii Board terms
A.3.iv Board elections
A.3.v Removal procedure
Fourth section
A.4.i Meetings
A.4.ii Place of meeting
A.4.iii Frequency of meetings
Fifth section
A.5.i Record keeping
A.5.ii Corresponding secretary
A.5.iii Recording secretary
A.5.iv Financial records
#create outline
First section
A.1.i Introduction
A.1.ii Definitions
Second section
A.2.i Scope
A.2.ii Date effective
A.2.iii Who covered
Third section
B.3.i Governing committee
B.3.ii Chairman's election
B.3.iii Board terms
B.3.iv Board elections
B.3.v Removal procedure
Fourth section
A.4.i Meetings
A.4.ii Place of meeting
A.4.iii Frequency of meetings
Fifth section
A.5.i Record keeping
A.5.ii Corresponding secretary
A.5.iii Recording secretary
A.5.iv Financial records
#user
#cmp outline Ref
#succeed
You got it right: I hope you found that the easiest
way to change the file would be with the commands
/B.3.i/p
.,/B.3.v/s/B/A/
or some such series.
#log
#next
52.1b 10
L52.1b #print
Even more powerful is to use two context
searches for the pair of addresses
in front of a command. For example
/abc/,/def/p
will print all lines from the one that
contains "abc" to the one that contains
"def". In this directory is a file
"phone". On every line between
"Pinson" and "Johnson" change "tel" to "ext".
(Again, print the whole file first to see
what's going on here and why the file is bad.)
Then rewrite the corrected file and
type "ready".
#create Ref
telephone numbers
McIlroy M D ext 6050
Aho A V ext 4862
Baker B S ext 6503
Cherry L L ext 6067
Knowlton K ext 2328
Morris R ext 3878
Ossanna J F ext 3520
Thompson K ext 2394
Pinson E N ext 2582
Bourne S R ext 7419
Elliot R J ext 2879
Fraser A G ext 3685
Johnson S C ext 3968
Kernighan B W ext 6021
Ritchie D M ext 3770
Vollaro J R ext 6321
#create phone
telephone numbers
McIlroy M D ext 6050
Aho A V ext 4862
Baker B S ext 6503
Cherry L L ext 6067
Knowlton K ext 2328
Morris R ext 3878
Ossanna J F ext 3520
Thompson K ext 2394
Pinson E N tel 2582
Bourne S R tel 7419
Elliot R J tel 2879
Fraser A G tel 3685
Johnson S C tel 3968
Kernighan B W ext 6021
Ritchie D M ext 3770
Vollaro J R ext 6321
#user
#cmp phone Ref
#log
#next
53.1a 10
52.2c 5
aL52.2a #print
You can use pairs of addresses which involve searches. For example,
to print all lines from the first line until the next line containing
"stop", say
1,/stop/p
In this directory is a file "list". Print all lines from
the first line to a line containing "023". Then leave the editor
and type "ready".
#create list
bio011
bio012
bio013
bio014
bio015
bio016
bio017
bio021
bio022
bio023
bio024
bio025
bio026
bio027
bio028
bio031
bio032
bio033
bio034
bio035
bio036
bio037
bio038
bio041
bio042
bio043
bio044
bio045
bio046
bio047
bio051
#create x2
bio011
bio012
bio013
bio014
bio015
bio016
bio017
bio021
bio022
bio023
#copyout
#user
#uncopyout
grep bio .ocopy >x1
#cmp x1 x2
#log
#next
52.2b 5
L52.2b [5 4#print
In this directory is a file "outline". Find the line that
begins "B.3.i". Note that this line, and the next few
lines, should begin "A"... for consistency.
(Print the whole file to see what is going on. It's fairly short.)
Change all lines from the line beginning "B.3.i" to the line
beginning "B.3.v" to begin "A.3". Then rewrite the file
and type "ready".
#create Ref
First section
A.1.i Introduction
A.1.ii Definitions
Second section
A.2.i Scope
A.2.ii Date effective
A.2.iii Who covered
Third section
A.3.i Governing committee
A.3.ii Chairman's election
A.3.iii Board terms
A.3.iv Board elections
A.3.v Removal procedure
Fourth section
A.4.i Meetings
A.4.ii Place of meeting
A.4.iii Frequency of meetings
Fifth section
A.5.i Record keeping
A.5.ii Corresponding secretary
A.5.iii Recording secretary
A.5.iv Financial records
#create outline
First section
A.1.i Introduction
A.1.ii Definitions
Second section
A.2.i Scope
A.2.ii Date effective
A.2.iii Who covered
Third section
B.3.i Governing committee
B.3.ii Chairman's election
B.3.iii Board terms
B.3.iv Board elections
B.3.v Removal procedure
Fourth section
A.4.i Meetings
A.4.ii Place of meeting
A.4.iii Frequency of meetings
Fifth section
A.5.i Record keeping
A.5.ii Corresponding secretary
A.5.iii Recording secretary
A.5.iv Financial records
#user
#cmp outline Ref
#succeed
You got it right: I hope you found that the easiest
way to change the file would be with the commands
/B.3.i/p
.,/B.3.v/s/B/A/
or some such series.
#log
#next
52.1b 10
L52.2c F#print
In this directory is a file "memo". Between the line
containing "I." and the line containing "II."
change all multiple blanks to one blank.
Then rewrite the file and type "ready".
#create Ref
.TL
The Time Has Come
.AU
Joe Idiot
.AI
Bell Labs
Murray Hill, NJ 07974
.SH
I. Introduction
.PP
This document describes the problems of
designing complex systems without adequately
trained manpower. The solution adopted was
to trick 90% of the staff into thinking they
were working on the system when in fact they were not.
This let the remaining 1:0% of the staff actually get
the thing built.
.SH
II. Details
.PP
The project began on June 1, 1974. It was completed
on Sept. 1, 1975 and has worked successfully since then.
#create memo
.TL
The Time Has Come
.AU
Joe Idiot
.AI
Bell Labs
Murray Hill, NJ 07974
.SH
I. Introduction
.PP
This document describes the problems of
designing complex systems without adequately
trained manpower. The solution adopted was
to trick 90% of the staff into thinking they
were working on the system when in fact they were not.
This let the remaining 1:0% of the staff actually get
the thing built.
.SH
II. Details
.PP
The project began on June 1, 1974. It was completed
on Sept. 1, 1975 and has worked successfully since then.
#user
#cmp memo Ref
#log
#next
53.1a 10
L53.1a #print
Note that the // searches always go forward.
Sometimes you want to go backward, to find
some expression on a line before the
one you are now working on.
In that case you can search with a command like
?abc?p
which prints the nearest preceding line which
contains 'abc'. What command would print
the nearest previous line that ends in "cat"?
Type "answer COMMAND" when you figure it out.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match ?cat$?p
The "p" isn't needed, but use it if you like too.
#match ?cat$?
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
54.1a 10
53.2b 7
rL53.2b & I#print
There is a big file "federal" in this directory.
It contains the following mistyped words:
Typed as Should be
cotnend contend
aalarm alarm
exedient expedient
drabel durable
ugdes judges
trame trample
viws views
Fix things up, rewrite the file, and then type "ready".
#create Ref
Among the numerous advantages promised by a well-constructed
Union, none deserves to be more accurately
developed than its tendency to break and control the violence
of faction.
The friend of popular governments never finds himself
so much alarmed for their character and fate as when he
contemplates their propensity to this dangerous vice.
He will not fail, therefore, to set a due value on
any plan which, without violating the principles to which
he is attached, provides a proper cure for it.
The instability, injustice, and confusion introduced into the public
councils have, in truth, been the mortal diseases under
which popular governments have everywhere perished, as
they continue to be the favorite and fruitful topics from
which the adversaries to liberty derive their most specious
declamations.
The valuable improvements made by the American constitutions
on the popular models, both ancient
and modern, cannot certainly be too much admired;
but it would be an unwarrantable partiality to contend
that they have as effectually obviated the danger on this
side, as was wished and expected.
Complaints are everywhere heard from our most considerate and virtuous
citizens, equally the friends of public and private faith
and of public and personal liberty, that out governments
are too unstable, that the public good is disregarded in
the conflicts of rival parties, and that measures are too
often decided, not according to the rules of justice and
the rights of the minor party, but by the superior force
of an interested and overbearing majority.
However anxiously we may wish that these complaints had no
foundation, the evidence of known facts will not permit
us to deny that they are in some degree true.
It will be found, indeed, on a candid review of our situation, that
some of the distresses under which we labor have been
erroneously charged on the operation of our governments;
but it will be found, at the same time, that other
causes will not alone account for many of our heaviest
misfortunes; and, particularly, for that prevailing and increasing
distrust of public engagements and alarm for
private rights which are echoed from one end of the
continent to the other.
These must be chiefly, if not wholly,
effects of the unsteadiness and injustice with
which a factious spirit has tainted out public administration.
By a faction I understand a number of citizens,
whether amounting to a majority or minority of the whole,
who are united and actuated by some common impulse
of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other
citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of
the community.
There are two methods of curing the mischiefs of
faction: The one,
by removing its causes; the other, by controlling
its effects.
There are again two methods of removing the causes of faction:
The one, by destroying the liberty which is essential to its existence;
The other, by giving to every
citizen the same opinions, the same passions, and the
same interests.
It could never be more truly said than of the first
remedy that it was worse than the disease.
Liberty is to
faction what air is to fire, an ailment without which it
instantly expires.
But it could not be less folly to
abolish liberty, which is essential to political life,
because it nourishes faction than it would be to wish the
annihilation of air, which is essential to animal life,
because it imparts to dire its destructive agency.
The second expedient is as impracticable as the first
would be unwise.
As long as the reason of man continues
fallible, and he is at liberty to exercise it, different
opinions will be formed.
As long as the connection subsists
between his reason and his self-love, his opinions and his
passions will have a reciprocal influence on each other;
and the former will be objects to which the latter will
attach themselves.
The diversity in the faculties of men,
from which the rights of property originate, is not less an
insuperable obstacle to the uniformity of interests.
The protection of these faculties is the first object of
government.
From the protection of different and unequal
faculties of acquiring property, the possession of
different degrees and kinds of property immediately results;
and from the influence of these on the sentiments and views
of the respective proprietors ensues a division of the
society into different interests and parties.
The latent causes of faction are thus sown in the
nature of man; and we see them everywhere brought
into different degrees of activity, according to the
different circumstances of civil society.
A zeal for different opinions
concerning religion, concerning government, and
many other points, as well of speculation as of practice;
an attachment to different leaders ambitiously contending
for pre-eminence and power; or to persons of other
descriptions whose fortunes have been interesting to the
human passions, have, in turn, divided mankind into
parties, inflamed them with mutual animosity, and
rendered them much more disposed to vex and oppress each
other than to co-operate for their common goal.
So strong is this propensity of mankind to fall into mutual
animosities that where no substantial occasion presents
itself the most frivolous and fanciful distinctions have
been sufficient to kindle their unfriendly passions and
excite their most violent conflicts.
But the most common and durable
source of factions has been the verious
and unequal distribution of property.
Those who hold and those who are without
property have ever formed distinct
interests in society.
Those who are creditors, and those
who are debtors, fall under a like discrimination.
A landed interest, a manufacturing interest,
a mercantile interest, a moneyed interest,
with many lesser interests, grow up of
necessity in civilized nations, and divided them into
different classes, actuated by different sentiments and views.
The regulation of these various and interfering interests
involves the spirit of party and faction in the necessary
and ordinary operations of government.
No man is allowed to be a judge in has own cause,
because his interest would certainly bias his judgement,
and, not improbably, corrupt his integrity.
With equal, nay with greater reason, a body
of men are unfit to be both judges and parties at the same time;
yet what are many of the most important acts of
legislation but so many judicial determinations,
not indeed concerning the
rights of single person, but concerning the rights of large
bodies of citizens?
And what are the different classes of legislators but
advocates and parties to the causes which
they determine?
Is a law proposed concerning private
debts?
It is a question to which the creditors are parties
one one side and the debtors on the other.
Justice ought to hold the balance
between them.
Yet the parties are, and must be,
themselves the judges; and the most numerous
party, or in other words, the most powerful faction must
be expected to prevail.
Shall domestic manufacturers be
encouraged, and in what degree, by restrictions on foreign
manufacturers?
are questions which would be differently
decided by the landed and the manufacturing classes, and
probably by neither with a sole regard to justice and the
public good.
The apportionment of taxes on the various
descriptions of property is an act which seems to require
the most exact impartiality; yet there is, perhaps, no
legislative act in which greater opportunity and
temptation are given to a predominant party to trample on the
rules of justice.
Every shilling with which they overburden the inferior
number is a shilling saved to their own pockets.
It is in vain to say that enlightened statesmen will be
able to adjust these clashing interests and render them
all subservient to the public good.
Enlightened statesmen will not
always be at the helm.
Nor, in many cases, can
such an adjustment be made at all without taking into
view indirect and remote considerations, which will rarely
prevail over the immediate interest which one party may
find in disregarding the rights of another or the good of
the whole.
The inference to which we are brought is that the causes
of faction cannot be removed and that relief is only to be
sought in the means of controlling its effects.
If a faction consists of less than a majority, relief is
supplied by the republican principle, which enables the
majority to defeat its sinister views by regular vote.
It may clog the administration, it may convulse the society;
But it will be unable to execute and mask its violence
under the forms of the Constitution.
When a majority is included in a faction,
The form of popular government, on
the other hand, enables it to sacrifice to its ruling passion
or interest both the public good and the rights of other
citizens.
To secure the public good and private rights
against the danger of such a faction, and at the same
time to preserve the spirit and form of popular
government, is than the great object to which our inquiries
are directed.
Let me add that it is the great desideratum by which
alone this form of government can be rescued from
the opprobrium under which it has so long labored and
be recommended to the esteem and adoption of mankind.
#create federal
Among the numerous advantages promised by a well-constructed
Union, none deserves to be more accurately
developed than its tendency to break and control the violence
of faction.
The friend of popular governments never finds himself
so much alarmed for their character and fate as when he
contemplates their propensity to this dangerous vice.
He will not fail, therefore, to set a due value on
any plan which, without violating the principles to which
he is attached, provides a proper cure for it.
The instability, injustice, and confusion introduced into the public
councils have, in truth, been the mortal diseases under
which popular governments have everywhere perished, as
they continue to be the favorite and fruitful topics from
which the adversaries to liberty derive their most specious
declamations.
The valuable improvements made by the American constitutions
on the popular models, both ancient
and modern, cannot certainly be too much admired;
but it would be an unwarrantable partiality to cotnend
that they have as effectually obviated the danger on this
side, as was wished and expected.
Complaints are everywhere heard from our most considerate and virtuous
citizens, equally the friends of public and private faith
and of public and personal liberty, that out governments
are too unstable, that the public good is disregarded in
the conflicts of rival parties, and that measures are too
often decided, not according to the rules of justice and
the rights of the minor party, but by the superior force
of an interested and overbearing majority.
However anxiously we may wish that these complaints had no
foundation, the evidence of known facts will not permit
us to deny that they are in some degree true.
It will be found, indeed, on a candid review of our situation, that
some of the distresses under which we labor have been
erroneously charged on the operation of our governments;
but it will be found, at the same time, that other
causes will not alone account for many of our heaviest
misfortunes; and, particularly, for that prevailing and increasing
distrust of public engagements and aalarm for
private rights which are echoed from one end of the
continent to the other.
These must be chiefly, if not wholly,
effects of the unsteadiness and injustice with
which a factious spirit has tainted out public administration.
By a faction I understand a number of citizens,
whether amounting to a majority or minority of the whole,
who are united and actuated by some common impulse
of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other
citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of
the community.
There are two methods of curing the mischiefs of
faction: The one,
by removing its causes; the other, by controlling
its effects.
There are again two methods of removing the causes of faction:
The one, by destroying the liberty which is essential to its existence;
The other, by giving to every
citizen the same opinions, the same passions, and the
same interests.
It could never be more truly said than of the first
remedy that it was worse than the disease.
Liberty is to
faction what air is to fire, an ailment without which it
instantly expires.
But it could not be less folly to
abolish liberty, which is essential to political life,
because it nourishes faction than it would be to wish the
annihilation of air, which is essential to animal life,
because it imparts to dire its destructive agency.
The second exedient is as impracticable as the first
would be unwise.
As long as the reason of man continues
fallible, and he is at liberty to exercise it, different
opinions will be formed.
As long as the connection subsists
between his reason and his self-love, his opinions and his
passions will have a reciprocal influence on each other;
and the former will be objects to which the latter will
attach themselves.
The diversity in the faculties of men,
from which the rights of property originate, is not less an
insuperable obstacle to the uniformity of interests.
The protection of these faculties is the first object of
government.
From the protection of different and unequal
faculties of acquiring property, the possession of
different degrees and kinds of property immediately results;
and from the influence of these on the sentiments and views
of the respective proprietors ensues a division of the
society into different interests and parties.
The latent causes of faction are thus sown in the
nature of man; and we see them everywhere brought
into different degrees of activity, according to the
different circumstances of civil society.
A zeal for different opinions
concerning religion, concerning government, and
many other points, as well of speculation as of practice;
an attachment to different leaders ambitiously contending
for pre-eminence and power; or to persons of other
descriptions whose fortunes have been interesting to the
human passions, have, in turn, divided mankind into
parties, inflamed them with mutual animosity, and
rendered them much more disposed to vex and oppress each
other than to co-operate for their common goal.
So strong is this propensity of mankind to fall into mutual
animosities that where no substantial occasion presents
itself the most frivolous and fanciful distinctions have
been sufficient to kindle their unfriendly passions and
excite their most violent conflicts.
But the most common and drabel
source of factions has been the verious
and unequal distribution of property.
Those who hold and those who are without
property have ever formed distinct
interests in society.
Those who are creditors, and those
who are debtors, fall under a like discrimination.
A landed interest, a manufacturing interest,
a mercantile interest, a moneyed interest,
with many lesser interests, grow up of
necessity in civilized nations, and divided them into
different classes, actuated by different sentiments and views.
The regulation of these various and interfering interests
involves the spirit of party and faction in the necessary
and ordinary operations of government.
No man is allowed to be a judge in has own cause,
because his interest would certainly bias his judgement,
and, not improbably, corrupt his integrity.
With equal, nay with greater reason, a body
of men are unfit to be both ugdes and parties at the same time;
yet what are many of the most important acts of
legislation but so many judicial determinations,
not indeed concerning the
rights of single person, but concerning the rights of large
bodies of citizens?
And what are the different classes of legislators but
advocates and parties to the causes which
they determine?
Is a law proposed concerning private
debts?
It is a question to which the creditors are parties
one one side and the debtors on the other.
Justice ought to hold the balance
between them.
Yet the parties are, and must be,
themselves the judges; and the most numerous
party, or in other words, the most powerful faction must
be expected to prevail.
Shall domestic manufacturers be
encouraged, and in what degree, by restrictions on foreign
manufacturers?
are questions which would be differently
decided by the landed and the manufacturing classes, and
probably by neither with a sole regard to justice and the
public good.
The apportionment of taxes on the various
descriptions of property is an act which seems to require
the most exact impartiality; yet there is, perhaps, no
legislative act in which greater opportunity and
temptation are given to a predominant party to trame on the
rules of justice.
Every shilling with which they overburden the inferior
number is a shilling saved to their own pockets.
It is in vain to say that enlightened statesmen will be
able to adjust these clashing interests and render them
all subservient to the public good.
Enlightened statesmen will not
always be at the helm.
Nor, in many cases, can
such an adjustment be made at all without taking into
view indirect and remote considerations, which will rarely
prevail over the immediate interest which one party may
find in disregarding the rights of another or the good of
the whole.
The inference to which we are brought is that the causes
of faction cannot be removed and that relief is only to be
sought in the means of controlling its effects.
If a faction consists of less than a majority, relief is
supplied by the republican principle, which enables the
majority to defeat its sinister viws by regular vote.
It may clog the administration, it may convulse the society;
But it will be unable to execute and mask its violence
under the forms of the Constitution.
When a majority is included in a faction,
The form of popular government, on
the other hand, enables it to sacrifice to its ruling passion
or interest both the public good and the rights of other
citizens.
To secure the public good and private rights
against the danger of such a faction, and at the same
time to preserve the spirit and form of popular
government, is than the great object to which our inquiries
are directed.
Let me add that it is the great desideratum by which
alone this form of government can be rescued from
the opprobrium under which it has so long labored and
be recommended to the esteem and adoption of mankind.
#user
#cmp federal Ref
#log
#next
54.1a 10
oL54.1a ( #print
A time-saving feature of context searches is
that the editor remembers the last regular expression
mentioned, and if you just say // or ??
with no expression, it assumes the same one. Thus
/abc/s//def/
searches for a line with 'abc', and, on finding it,
changes the 'abc' to 'def'. Similarly
/qqq/s///
finds a 'qqq' and then throws it away, as if the
command were
/qqq/s/qqq//
In this directory is a file 'error' which contains
"servixe" as a mistyping for "service". Find
the bad instance and fix it, if possible with one command.
Then rewrite the file and type 'ready'.
#create Ref
This file contains many copies
of the word service
but in all of those lines
with service in them
the next line has a
service that is spelled
wrong unlike the other
services.
#create error
This file contains many copies
of the word service
but in all of those lines
with service in them
the next line has a
servixe that is spelled
wrong unlike the other
services.
#user
#cmp error Ref
#log
#next
55.1a 10
54.1b 8
L54.1b ݕ a#print
The fact that the system remembers the last regular expression
it had is particularly useful when the regular expression is
complex. Suppose, for example, you know that the
words "first" and "second" appear on the same line and you wish
to delete them and everything between them. You could write
/first.*second/s/first.*second//p
but isn't it easier to do
/first.*second/s///p
Edit the file "passage"; the words "twentieth" and "impending" appear
on the same line. Replace them and everything between
them by the word "impending" (i.e. delete from "twentieth"
up to but not including "impending"). One command, if you can.
Then rewrite the file and type ready.
#create Ref
America's rise to world power is a consequence of the nation's
geographic position, natural resources, and dynamic energy. For
the first century and more of national history, however, continental
expansion and internal developments largely absorbed the energies
of the American people. Every dictate of public interest emphasized
the importance of avoiding all entanglements that might involve the
young republic in foreign rivalries and foreign wars. Only with the
impending shifts
in the European balance of power, and the growth of American economic
and industrial strength create a situation that made impossible a
continued aloofness from international affairs.
#create passage
America's rise to world power is a consequence of the nation's
geographic position, natural resources, and dynamic energy. For
the first century and more of national history, however, continental
expansion and internal developments largely absorbed the energies
of the American people. Every dictate of public interest emphasized
the importance of avoiding all entanglements that might involve the
young republic in foreign rivalries and foreign wars. Only with the
twentieth century did a rapidly contracting world, impending shifts
in the European balance of power, and the growth of American economic
and industrial strength create a situation that made impossible a
continued aloofness from international affairs.
#user
#cmp passage Ref
#log
#next
55.1a 10
eL55.1a , #print
This is an easy unit. If you just hit
"newline" (or "carriage return", whatever it
is labeled on your terminal), the
editor will simply print the next line
as you can see by trying this out. Edit the
file "pres"; print some line; then hit return
or newline, and watch the editor print the
next line. Is there any difference between
newline and ".+1p" as a command? When you
think you know, leave the editor and type "yes" or "no".
#create pres
George Washington
John Adams
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
James Monroe
John Quincy Adams
Andrew Jackson
Martin van Buren
William Henry Harrison
John Tyler
James K. Polk
Franklin Pierce
Millard Fillmore
James Buchanan
Abraham Lincoln
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match no
#log
#next
56.1a 10
L56.1a #print
Is there just as easy a way of
printing the immediately preceding line?
Not quite, but almost. The line
-
will print the line just before the line you
are on. What's the equivalent command
in terms of "." and "p"? Type "answer COMMAND"
when you figure it out. Again, you can experiment
first; the same file named "pres" is in this directory.
#create pres
George Washington
John Adams
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
James Monroe
John Quincy Adams
Andrew Jackson
Martin van Buren
William Henry Harrison
John Tyler
James K. Polk
Franklin Pierce
Millard Fillmore
James Buchanan
Abraham Lincoln
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match .-1p
The "p" isn't needed.
#match .-1
#log
#next
57.1a 10
L57.1a . ;#print
For symmetry, you can use
+
instead of either ".+1p" or an empty
line (just a newline). The only advantage
that + has is that you can repeat it:
++
prints the second following line, and
+++
the third. The same is true of -.
If the current line is line number 10,
what line number is -- going to be?
(Hint: you can find out by editing a file
such as "pres", saying "10p", and then
saying "--", and then saying ".=" - remember
the "=" command?)
When you find out, type "answer N" where
N is the number.
#create pres
George Washington
John Adams
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
James Monroe
John Quincy Adams
Andrew Jackson
Martin van Buren
William Henry Harrison
John Tyler
James K. Polk
Franklin Pierce
Millard Fillmore
James Buchanan
Abraham Lincoln
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match 8
#log
#next
60.1a 10
60.2a 5
(L6.1a K#print
You may well ask how the editor knows which line to print.
The editor keeps track of the 'current line', which
is usually the last line you touched in any way.
When you begin editing a file, for example, the
current line is the last line.
If you want to print any particular line, however,
that is easy. For example, to print the 3rd line you say
3p
To print the first line
1p
(That's a one, no matter how much it looks like the letter "l".)
Here is a file: I'll put you into the editor
with that file as the 'current file' - print the 4th line,
then type 'w', 'q', and 'ready' as usual.
#create Ref
james madison
91
#create file
george washington
john adams
thomas jefferson
james madison
james monroe
john quincy adams
#print file
#copyout
#pipe
ed file
#user
#unpipe
#uncopyout
tail -2 .ocopy >X2
#cmp Ref X2
#log
#next
7.1a 10
nL6.2a , #print
How does the editor choose a line to print?
It always remembers a 'current line', which
is the last line of the file originally,
but you can choose any line you want. The command
3p
prints the third line of the file, for example.
And
1p
prints the first line. Note that is the digit one
there, not the letter l, no matter how much alike they
look. I'll put you into the editor with the
file listed below: print the first line,
then type 'w', 'q' and 'ready' as usual.
#create Ref
george washington
91
#create file
george washington
john adams
thomas jefferson
james madison
james monroe
john quincy adams
#print file
#copyout
#pipe
ed file
#user
#unpipe
#uncopyout
tail -2 .ocopy >X2
#cmp Ref X2
#log
#next
6.2b 5
L6.2b . ]#print
Same thing again, but this time print the
fifth line in the file. Then type "w", "q",
and "ready".
#create Ref
james monroe
91
#create file
george washington
john adams
thomas jefferson
james madison
james monroe
john quincy adams
#print file
#copyout
#pipe
ed file
#user
#unpipe
#uncopyout
tail -2 .ocopy >X2
#cmp Ref X2
#log
#next
7.1a 10
L60.1a U #print
So far you have always dealt with one file at a time.
Suppose you wanted to combine two files - there is nothing
we have covered so far that will do that. But the
editor does have a command 'r' (read)
r file
which reads in the contents of "file" without throwing
away what you already have. So that you can combine
the files "cat" and "dog" (and name the result "animal")
by saying
ed
r cat
r dog
w animal
q
In this directory are four files named
for continents. Combine them into
one file named "world".
(Read the files in alphabetical order,
as they are listed). You may want to list
the input files and the combined files
with "cat" to see what they look like.
When done, type "ready" as usual.
#create Ref
This is file
'africa' and will be listed first.
------
this file will
have to do
for both american
continents
-----
File "asia"
is indented
two spaces.
Europe's file is only one line long.
#create africa
This is file
'africa' and will be listed first.
#create america
------
this file will
have to do
for both american
continents
-----
#create asia
File "asia"
is indented
two spaces.
#create europe
Europe's file is only one line long.
#user
#cmp Ref world
#log
#next
60.1b 10
aL60.1b ! H#print
You can, of course, use the 'r' command
with an address. Any editor command can be used
with an address (except 'q'). For example, there
is a file 'phone' in this directory.
If you print it, you'll see that one department
is missing from the list; it is on file 'filler'.
Edit 'phone'; read in 'filler' after the line
saying '1273'. Then rewrite 'phone', leave the
editor, and say "ready".
#create Ref
telephone numbers
Department 1271
McIlroy M D ext 6050
Aho A V ext 4862
Baker B S ext 6503
Cherry L L ext 6067
Knowlton K ext 2328
Morris R ext 3878
Ossanna J F ext 3520
Thompson K ext 2394
Department 1273
Pinson E N ext 2582
Bourne S R ext 7419
Elliot R J ext 2879
Fraser A G ext 3685
Johnson S C ext 3968
Kernighan B W ext 6021
Ritchie D M ext 3770
Vollaro J R ext 6321
Department 1274
Brown W S ext 4822
Blue J L ext 6558
Feldman S I ext 2059
Hall A D ext 4006
Lesk M E ext 6377
Schryer N L ext 2912
Warner D D ext 2833
#create filler
Pinson E N ext 2582
Bourne S R ext 7419
Elliot R J ext 2879
Fraser A G ext 3685
Johnson S C ext 3968
Kernighan B W ext 6021
Ritchie D M ext 3770
Vollaro J R ext 6321
#create phone
telephone numbers
Department 1271
McIlroy M D ext 6050
Aho A V ext 4862
Baker B S ext 6503
Cherry L L ext 6067
Knowlton K ext 2328
Morris R ext 3878
Ossanna J F ext 3520
Thompson K ext 2394
Department 1273
Department 1274
Brown W S ext 4822
Blue J L ext 6558
Feldman S I ext 2059
Hall A D ext 4006
Lesk M E ext 6377
Schryer N L ext 2912
Warner D D ext 2833
#user
#cmp phone Ref
#log
#next
61.1a 10
L60.2a #print
Suppose you wanted to combine two files? No editor command you
have learned so far will do that. The command 'r' is just what the doctor
ordered. It reads in a file, without throwing away the existing buffer.
So, for example,
ed para1
r para2
w both
q
will edit "para1"; then read in "para2" at the end; and then
write the combined stuff on "both". Try that, with those names,
in this directory. Then type "ready".
#create Ref
We say that matter is anything which occupies space and has
weight. Matter possesses inertia, which is a resistance to change
of position or motion. It may be acted on by forces which may set
it in motion, or change its motion. While all these statements
are descriptive of matter, they do not provide us with a completely
satisfactory definition. Scientists, with their great knowledge
of the properties and behavior of matter, are not yet able to
define it precisely. Nature still holds many secrets to challenge
the minds of men.
The quantity of matter which a body possesses is known as its
mass.
When one end of a long glass tube that is open at both ends is
placed in water, forces cause the water to rise in the tube to a
certain height. The finer the bore of the tube, the higher the
water rises. A tube with a hairlike bore is called a capillary
tube and the liquid rise in it is called capillarity. How could
you show that this rise is not due to atmospheric pressure?
Seemingly, water rises in capillary tubes because the adhesive
forces between glass and water molecules are greater than the cohesive
forces between water molecules.
#create para1
We say that matter is anything which occupies space and has
weight. Matter possesses inertia, which is a resistance to change
of position or motion. It may be acted on by forces which may set
it in motion, or change its motion. While all these statements
are descriptive of matter, they do not provide us with a completely
satisfactory definition. Scientists, with their great knowledge
of the properties and behavior of matter, are not yet able to
define it precisely. Nature still holds many secrets to challenge
the minds of men.
The quantity of matter which a body possesses is known as its
mass.
#create para2
When one end of a long glass tube that is open at both ends is
placed in water, forces cause the water to rise in the tube to a
certain height. The finer the bore of the tube, the higher the
water rises. A tube with a hairlike bore is called a capillary
tube and the liquid rise in it is called capillarity. How could
you show that this rise is not due to atmospheric pressure?
Seemingly, water rises in capillary tubes because the adhesive
forces between glass and water molecules are greater than the cohesive
forces between water molecules.
#user
#cmp both Ref
#log
#next
60.2b 5
rL60.2b 5 1#print
You can of course combine many files. Make a file
"total" which contains the pieces "first", "second",
"third", and "fourth" in that order. Then type "ready".
#create Ref
It has been already observed that the federal government
ought to possess the power of providing for the support
of the national forces; in which proposition was intended
to be included the expense of raising troops, of building
and equipping fleets, and all other expenses in any wise
connected with military arrangements and operations. But
these are not the only objects to which the jurisdiction of
the Union in respect to revenue must necessarily be empowered
to extend. It must embrace a provision for the
support of the national civil list; for the payment of the
national debts contracted, or that may be contracted;
and, in general, for all those matters which will call for
disbursements out of the national treasury. The conclusion
is that there must be interwoven in the frame of the
government a general power of taxation, in one shape or
another.
Money is, with propriety, considered as the vital principle
of the body politic; as that which sustains its life and
motion and enables it to perform its most essential functions.
A complete power, therefore, to procure a regular
and adequate supply of revenue, as far as the resources
of the community will permit, may be regarded
as an indispensable ingredient in every constitution.
From a deficiency in this particular, one of two evils
must ensue: either the people must be subjected to
continual plunder, as a substitute for a more eligible
mode of supplying the public wants, or the government
must sink into a fatal atrophy, and, in a short course of
time, perish.
In the Ottoman or Turkish empire the sovereign,
though in other respects absolute master of the lives and
fortunes of his subjects, has no right to impose a new tax.
The consequence is that he permits the bashaws or governors
of provinces to pillage the people at discretion,
and, in turn, squeezes out of them the sums of which he
stands in need to satisfy his own exigencies and those of
the state. In America, from a like cause, the government
of the Union has gradually dwindled into a state of decay,
approaching nearly to annihilation. Who can doubt that
the happiness of the people in both countries would be
promoted by competent authorities in the proper hands
to provide the revenues which the necessities of the public
might require?
The present Confederation, feeble as it is, intended to
repose in the United States an unlimited power of providing
for the pecuniary wants of the Union. But proceeding
upon an erroneous principle, it has been done in
such a manner as entirely to have frustrated the intention.
#create first
It has been already observed that the federal government
ought to possess the power of providing for the support
of the national forces; in which proposition was intended
to be included the expense of raising troops, of building
and equipping fleets, and all other expenses in any wise
connected with military arrangements and operations. But
these are not the only objects to which the jurisdiction of
the Union in respect to revenue must necessarily be empowered
to extend. It must embrace a provision for the
support of the national civil list; for the payment of the
national debts contracted, or that may be contracted;
and, in general, for all those matters which will call for
disbursements out of the national treasury. The conclusion
is that there must be interwoven in the frame of the
government a general power of taxation, in one shape or
another.
#create fourth
The present Confederation, feeble as it is, intended to
repose in the United States an unlimited power of providing
for the pecuniary wants of the Union. But proceeding
upon an erroneous principle, it has been done in
such a manner as entirely to have frustrated the intention.
#create second
Money is, with propriety, considered as the vital principle
of the body politic; as that which sustains its life and
motion and enables it to perform its most essential functions.
A complete power, therefore, to procure a regular
and adequate supply of revenue, as far as the resources
of the community will permit, may be regarded
as an indispensable ingredient in every constitution.
From a deficiency in this particular, one of two evils
must ensue: either the people must be subjected to
continual plunder, as a substitute for a more eligible
mode of supplying the public wants, or the government
must sink into a fatal atrophy, and, in a short course of
time, perish.
#create third
In the Ottoman or Turkish empire the sovereign,
though in other respects absolute master of the lives and
fortunes of his subjects, has no right to impose a new tax.
The consequence is that he permits the bashaws or governors
of provinces to pillage the people at discretion,
and, in turn, squeezes out of them the sums of which he
stands in need to satisfy his own exigencies and those of
the state. In America, from a like cause, the government
of the Union has gradually dwindled into a state of decay,
approaching nearly to annihilation. Who can doubt that
the happiness of the people in both countries would be
promoted by competent authorities in the proper hands
to provide the revenues which the necessities of the public
might require?
#user
#cmp total Ref
#next
60.2c 5
tL60.2c 8 v #print
You can use an address on the 'r' command to read input at a particular
location in the file. Thus
5r name
reads file "name" and appends its contents after line 5 o f the file.
You can use any kind of address, including a search. Here is a file "chem".
Find the line in file "chem" which contains the word "eight";
read the file "more" and append it after that line. Then rewrite
"chem" and type "ready".
#create Ref
When elements combine to form compounds, the electrons in the
outermost shell of the atoms are the only ones that take part in the
reaction. These electrons are either transferred from the outer
shell of one atom to the outer shell of another, or, in some cases,
shared with the electrons in the outer shell of the second atom.
Whether the electrons are transfered to the second atom or shared,
this atom completes its quota of eight electrons in the outer shell.
An oxide is a compound containing oxygen and one other element.
The simplest of the oxides is H2O -- pure water, or hydrogen oxide.
Carbon dioxide is CO2 and is formed during the burning of organic
matter such as wood, paper, gasoline, or coal. In the same burning
process, H2O is formed and energy is released, generally as heat,
sometimes as light. Carbon dioxide is in the breath you just
exhaled. This gas is given off by decaying plant and animal matter.
Decay is a burning process.
Oxidation is a word that covers all the different ways things
burn. When something oxidizes, it is burning.
Compounds which are formed by the interchange of electrons are
called ionic compounds. The ions formed are said to possess
electrovalence.
#create chem
When elements combine to form compounds, the electrons in the
outermost shell of the atoms are the only ones that take part in the
reaction. These electrons are either transferred from the outer
shell of one atom to the outer shell of another, or, in some cases,
shared with the electrons in the outer shell of the second atom.
Whether the electrons are transfered to the second atom or shared,
this atom completes its quota of eight electrons in the outer shell.
Compounds which are formed by the interchange of electrons are
called ionic compounds. The ions formed are said to possess
electrovalence.
#create more
An oxide is a compound containing oxygen and one other element.
The simplest of the oxides is H2O -- pure water, or hydrogen oxide.
Carbon dioxide is CO2 and is formed during the burning of organic
matter such as wood, paper, gasoline, or coal. In the same burning
process, H2O is formed and energy is released, generally as heat,
sometimes as light. Carbon dioxide is in the breath you just
exhaled. This gas is given off by decaying plant and animal matter.
Decay is a burning process.
Oxidation is a word that covers all the different ways things
burn. When something oxidizes, it is burning.
#user
#cmp chem Ref
#log
#next
60.2d 5
L60.2d :
#print
This is trickier. Read the file "text". Look for a line saying
"insert file ... here". Delete that line, and in its
place (after the preceding line) read in the file asked for.
Then rewrite "text" and type "ready".
#create Ref
The severity of the judicial and penal system was partly
caused by the defects of the police. Only a small proportion of
criminals were caught, and even when arrests were made, but little
evidence was collected. The officers, so far from being scientific
were not even properly professional. For although the constable of
each village and the watchman of each town were paid to guard peace
land property, they were yet neither specially fitted nor trained
for that employment. In a country village the case was even worse.
For there the magistrates could only afford to hire the part-service
of a farmer-constable.
It is a striking fact that until recently democracy never
flourished except in very small states -- for the most part in cities.
It is true that in both the Persian and the Roman empires a measure
of self-government was accorded to local communities, but only in
respect to purely local affairs; in no large state as a whole was
democratic government found to be practicable. One essential reason
is that until recently the means of communication were too slow and
uncertain to create the necessary solidarity of interest and similarity
of information over large areas.
#create inside
land property, they were yet neither specially fitted nor trained
for that employment. In a country village the case was even worse.
For there the magistrates could only afford to hire the part-service
of a farmer-constable.
It is a striking fact that until recently democracy never
flourished except in very small states -- for the most part in cities.
It is true that in both the Persian and the Roman empires a measure
of self-government was accorded to local communities, but only in
#create text
The severity of the judicial and penal system was partly
caused by the defects of the police. Only a small proportion of
criminals were caught, and even when arrests were made, but little
evidence was collected. The officers, so far from being scientific
were not even properly professional. For although the constable of
each village and the watchman of each town were paid to guard peace
*** insert file "inside" here ***
respect to purely local affairs; in no large state as a whole was
democratic government found to be practicable. One essential reason
is that until recently the means of communication were too slow and
uncertain to create the necessary solidarity of interest and similarity
of information over large areas.
#user
#cmp text Ref
#log
#next
61.1a 10
L61.1a m#print
Note that usually you just type 'w' without a file name,
and the editor buffer is written on the 'current file'.
What is the 'current file' when you have executed an 'r'
command? Well, it doesn't change. But rather than
be in doubt, there is a command
f
which prints the current file name.
You can change the current file name with
f name
so that you can copy file 'old' to 'new' with
ed old
f new
w
q
Try that: copy file 'first' to 'second' in this
directory. Then type "ready".
#create first
This is the
file to be copied
using the 'f' command.
#user
#cmp first second
#log
#next
62.1a 10
62.2a 5
eL62.1a ɛ Q#print
Frequently you will want to move one or more lines
from one place in a file to another. The command
5,10m30
will pick up lines 5 through 10 and move them after line 30.
You can of course use context searches for addresses:
/ab/,/cd/m/xx/
finds a line containing "ab", then one containing "cd",
and moves the section of the file they bracket after the
next line containing "xx".
Or you can use ".", "$", etc.:
.,.+2m$
moves the three lines starting at "." to the end.
There is a file "word" which
is out of order; re-arrange it to be alphabetical.
#create Ref
bands
becomes
course
dissolve
events
for
have
human
in
it
necessary
of
one
people
political
the
to
when
which
#create word
bands
becomes
course
in
it
necessary
of
one
people
political
dissolve
events
for
have
human
the
to
when
which
#user
#cmp word Ref
#log
#next
63.1a 10
fL62.2a > #print
A very useful command in the UNIX editor
is the 'm' command, which moves a lot of
lines from one place to another in a file. For example,
5,10m20
picks up lines 5 through 10 and moves them after line 20. Try
that on the file "list" in this directory: move lines 5 to 10 after
line 20, rewrite the file, and type "ready".
#create Ref
computer languages
fortran
cobol
snobol
comit
lex
yacc
c
tmg
ratfor
basic
bon
bcpl
algol 60
algol 68
pl/i
pl/c
pl/360
apl
altran
formac
#create list
computer languages
fortran
cobol
algol 60
algol 68
pl/i
pl/c
pl/360
apl
snobol
comit
lex
yacc
c
tmg
ratfor
basic
bon
bcpl
altran
formac
#user
#cmp list Ref
#log
#next
62.2b 5
L62.2b @ f#print
You can of course use any kind of addresses for the three addresses
in the 'm' command. Think of the command as
"from address-1 until address-2 gather up and MOVE to address-3".
OK. In the file "story" move the lines from the line
that contains "back" until the line containing "prevail" to the
end of the file. Then rewrite "story" and type "ready".
#create Ref
Only twice in the nation's history has daylight-savings time been
uniformly observed throughout the land -- during World War I, the first
DST was tried, and again during World War II. Immediately after
both wars, however, many areas abandoned DST altogether.
Last week the House voted 292 to 93 to require all states to move
their clocks ahead an hour on the last Sunday in April, and set them
back again on the last Sunday in October -- unless a state legislature
specifically votes to stay on standard time. In that case, local
options are out and standard time must prevail through the state.
#create story
Only twice in the nation's history has daylight-savings time been
uniformly observed throughout the land -- during World War I, the first
DST was tried, and again during World War II. Immediately after
both wars, however, many areas abandoned DST altogether.
back again on the last Sunday in October -- unless a state legislature
specifically votes to stay on standard time. In that case, local
options are out and standard time must prevail through the state.
Last week the House voted 292 to 93 to require all states to move
their clocks ahead an hour on the last Sunday in April, and set them
#user
#cmp story Ref
#log
#next
62.2c 5
L62.2c B #print
In this directory is a file "word" which should be in alphabetical
order but is not; put it in order by picking up a block of lines
and relocating them. Then rewrite the file and type "ready".
#create Ref
bands
becomes
course
dissolve
events
for
have
human
in
it
necessary
of
one
people
political
the
to
when
which
#create word
bands
becomes
course
in
it
necessary
of
one
people
political
dissolve
events
for
have
human
the
to
when
which
#user
#cmp word Ref
#log
#next
63.1a 10
L63.1a
q#print
Line 0 is a legitimate address for a few commands;
you can append text at the beginning of a file
by typing
0a
and you can move lines to the beginning of a files
by using
m0
Move the last three lines of file "tax" to the beginning,
then type "ready".
#create Ref
If you sustain an "overall foreign loss"
for any taxable year,
a recapture provision
will treat a part of
foreign income realized
in a later year
as income from
U. S. sources.
These rules generally apply
to losses sustained in taxable
years beginning after
December 31, 1975.
#create tax
will treat a part of
foreign income realized
in a later year
as income from
U. S. sources.
These rules generally apply
to losses sustained in taxable
years beginning after
December 31, 1975.
If you sustain an "overall foreign loss"
for any taxable year,
a recapture provision
#user
#cmp Ref tax
#log
#next
63.1b 10
aL63.1b #print
What command will move the current line
to the beginning of the file? Type
"answer COMMAND", where COMMAND is the command.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match m0
#match .m0
"m0" is easier.
#log
#next
63.1c 10
iL63.1c # #print
What command will move the current line
to the end of the file? Type
"answer COMMAND", where COMMAND is the command.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match m$
#match .m$
"m$" is easier.
#log
#next
63.1d 10
1L63.1d C #print
Will the command
m+
interchange lines "." and ".+1"?
Answer yes or no.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match yes
#log
#next
63.1e 10
uL63.1e _ #print
Will the command
m-
interchange lines "." and ".-1"?
Answer yes or no.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match no
You actually need "m--".
#log
#next
64.1a 10
L64.1a ɝ #print
Another command similar to 'm' is 't';
the command
5,8t15
picks up lines 5 through 8 and makes a copy of them,
which it places after line 15. It differs from
'm' only in that the lines remain in their old place
as well as appearing in their new place. (Just like "cp"
and "mv" with files). In this directory is a file
"double". Using the editor, find the line containing
"-------" and make a copy of it at the
end of the file.
#create Ref
------------
This file should be
bracketed by the
dashes but as it
is given to you
there are only dashes
at the top.
------------
#create double
------------
This file should be
bracketed by the
dashes but as it
is given to you
there are only dashes
at the top.
#user
#cmp double Ref
#log
#next
64.1b 10
tL64.1b # #print
Another exercise in the effective use of the 't'
command: What command should be typed to make
a second copy of the current line?
Type "answer XX", where XX is the command.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match t.
#match .t.
You could just say "t.".
#log
#next
65.1a 10
kL65.1a #print
A strange, and not often important command, is the 'l'
(list) command. When it is needed, though, it is vital.
It is almost identical to 'p' (print) except that control
characters (like tab or backspace) are printed in a way
that lets you see what they are no matter what the terminal does.
From time to time strange characters will
sneak into your files; they won't show when you print
them, and yet they will confuse you. For example,
you might be unable to find a line by searching
for it with
/abc/
and yet it would print as "abc" if there were
a funny character in the line between 'a' and 'b'.
Funny characters are generated by hitting the control
keys on the terminal; they print as '\' followed
by a number.
There is a file "weird" in this directory. Print
it both with "1,$p" and "1,$l"
and observe the difference. Then leave the editor.
Which word on the last line has a funny character in it?
Type "answer WORD" where WORD is that word (without the funny
symbol).
#create weird
This line has tabs in it.
So does this one.
Here is a line with____ backspaces of a useful sort.
These backspacesonlyconfuse matters.
there's a strange character in this line even though it prints ok.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match this
#log
#next
66.1a 10
L66.1a F #print
The file "memo" contains several paragraphs,
where a paragraph starts at any line that begins with
a blank. It is desired to remove those blanks at the beginning
of lines, and instead mark the paragraphs by inserting
a line containing only
.PP
before each paragraph. Change the file in that
way and then rewrite it; then type "ready".
#create Ref
The Ascent of the Riffelberg
by Mark Twain
.PP
I sat silent some time, then turned to Harris and said:
``My mind is made up.''
Something in my tone struck him; and when he glanced
at my eye and read what was written there, his face paled
perceptibly. He hesitated a moment, then said:
``Speak.''
.PP
I answered, with perfect calmness:
``I WILL ASCEND THE RIFFELBERG.''
.PP
If I had shot my poor friend he could not have fallen from
his chair more suddenly. If I had been his father he
could not have pleaded harder to get me to give up my
purpose. But I turned a deaf ear to all he said. When he
perceived at last that nothing could alter my determination,
he ceased to urge, and for a while the deep silence was broken only
by his sobs. I sat in marble resolution, with my
eyes fixed upon vacancy, for in spirit I was already
wrestling with the perils of the mountains, and my friend sat
gazing at me in adoring admiration through his tears. At
last he threw himself upon me in a loving embrace and
exclaimed in broken tones:
``Your Harris will never desert you. We will die together!''
.PP
I cheered the noble fellow with praises, and soon his fears
were forgotten and he was eager for the adventure. He
wanted to summon the guides at once and leave at two in
the morning, as he supposed the custom was; but I explained that nobody
was looking at that hour; and that the start in the dark
was not usually made from the village but
from the first night's resting-place on the mountainside. I
said we would leave the village at 3 or 4 p.m. on the morrow;
meantime he could notify the guides, and also let the public
know of the attempt which we proposed to make.
.PP
I went to bed, but not to sleep. No man can sleep when
he is about to undertake one of these Alpine exploits. I
tossed feverishly all night long, and was glad enough when
I heard the clock strike half past eleven and knew it was
time to get up for dinner.
#create memo
The Ascent of the Riffelberg
by Mark Twain
I sat silent some time, then turned to Harris and said:
``My mind is made up.''
Something in my tone struck him; and when he glanced
at my eye and read what was written there, his face paled
perceptibly. He hesitated a moment, then said:
``Speak.''
I answered, with perfect calmness:
``I WILL ASCEND THE RIFFELBERG.''
If I had shot my poor friend he could not have fallen from
his chair more suddenly. If I had been his father he
could not have pleaded harder to get me to give up my
purpose. But I turned a deaf ear to all he said. When he
perceived at last that nothing could alter my determination,
he ceased to urge, and for a while the deep silence was broken only
by his sobs. I sat in marble resolution, with my
eyes fixed upon vacancy, for in spirit I was already
wrestling with the perils of the mountains, and my friend sat
gazing at me in adoring admiration through his tears. At
last he threw himself upon me in a loving embrace and
exclaimed in broken tones:
``Your Harris will never desert you. We will die together!''
I cheered the noble fellow with praises, and soon his fears
were forgotten and he was eager for the adventure. He
wanted to summon the guides at once and leave at two in
the morning, as he supposed the custom was; but I explained that nobody
was looking at that hour; and that the start in the dark
was not usually made from the village but
from the first night's resting-place on the mountainside. I
said we would leave the village at 3 or 4 p.m. on the morrow;
meantime he could notify the guides, and also let the public
know of the attempt which we proposed to make.
I went to bed, but not to sleep. No man can sleep when
he is about to undertake one of these Alpine exploits. I
tossed feverishly all night long, and was glad enough when
I heard the clock strike half past eleven and knew it was
time to get up for dinner.
#user
#cmp memo Ref
#log
#next
70.1a 10
70.2a 5
iL7.1a _ #print
Although specifying lines by line number is
easy to understand, it is hard to do in a long
file. You will therefore want to learn other
ways of addressing lines. The 'current line'
is addressed with the symbol
.
so that it can be printed, for example with
.p
just as you could print a line by "3p".
Try that in this file; the current line is
set to the last line of the current file.
Try ".p"; then "w", "q", and "ready" as usual.
Here's the full file -
#create Ref
john quincy adams
91
#create file
george washington
john adams
thomas jefferson
james madison
james monroe
john quincy adams
#print file
#copyout
#pipe
ed file
#user
#unpipe
#uncopyout
tail -2 .ocopy >X1
#cmp X1 Ref
#log
#next
7.1b 10
L7.1b A #print
As I said, '.' is set to the last line touched
by any command in the editor. So if you type
3p
. will be set to line 3; and then
.p
will print the same line.
Try that -
with the usual trailer, the commands should be
3p
.p
w
q
ready
The file is the same as before.
#create Ref
3p
.p
w
q
#create file
george washington
john adams
thomas jefferson
james madison
james monroe
john quincy adams
#pipe
#copyin
ed file
#user
#uncopyin
#unpipe
tail -4 .copy >X1
#cmp X1 Ref
#log
#next
8.1a 10
8.2a 6
7.2c 2
iL7.2c 3 #print
Now, print the fourth line in this file twice,
using the same pattern. The file is the same,
and you should put the usual finish (w, q, ready)
after printing the line.
#create Ref
4p
.p
w
q
#create file
george washington
john adams
thomas jefferson
james madison
james monroe
john quincy adams
#pipe
#copyin
ed file
#user
#uncopyin
#unpipe
tail -4 .copy >X1
#cmp X1 Ref
#log
#next
8.1a 10
8.2a 5
#L70.1a #print
Perhaps the most powerful command in the editor is the 'g'
(global) command. This always precedes a second command
on the same command line; it selects those file lines
on which the second command is to be executed.
For example
g/abc/s/def/ghi/p
says: "Find all lines in the file which
contain the string "abc"; change the first
"def" on any such line into "ghi". The command
after the 'g' may be any command, of course.
Needless to say, the expressions after the 'g' may
include all the special characters.
Edit the file "towns" so that each line beginning
with "-" has " (county seat)" added at its end.
Rewrite the file and type "ready".
#create Ref
-newark (county seat)
east orange
south orange
maplewood
-elizabeth (county seat)
linden
cranford
westfield
-morristown (county seat)
madison
chatham
dover
#create towns
-newark
east orange
south orange
maplewood
-elizabeth
linden
cranford
westfield
-morristown
madison
chatham
dover
#user
#cmp towns Ref
#log
#next
71.1a 10
70.2e 9
70.2d 6
iL70.2a J #print
Perhaps the most powerful editor command is the 'g'
(global) command. This command selects sets of lines
on which other commands are executed. For example,
g/abc/p
prints all lines on which 'abc' appears. In this directory
is a file "story". Print all lines on which the word
"of" appears. Then leave the editor and type "ready".
#create Ref
The people of the United States are in a sense becoming a nation
of the United States in the future, it will be because that system
did too good a job of filling many of the needs of the people.
#create story
The people of the United States are in a sense becoming a nation
on a tiger. They must learn to consume more and more or, they are
warned, their magnificent economic machine may turn and devour them.
They must be induced to step up their individual consumption higher
and higher, whether they have any pressing need for the goods or
not. Their ever-expanding economy demands it.
If modifications are forced upon the private-enterprise system
of the United States in the future, it will be because that system
did too good a job of filling many of the needs of the people.
#copyout
#user
#uncopyout
grep of .ocopy >x1
#cmp x1 Ref
#log
#next
70.2b 5
L70.2b K #print
You can use any command with 'g', not just 'p'. For example
g/xx/s/a/b/
changes 'a' to 'b' on every line containing 'xx'. As an
example of the global command used with 'd', try this:
In file "cities" there is a list of cities with their states and
zip codes. Delete all cities which are in New Jersey (i.e. all
lines containing NJ). Then rewrite the file and type "ready".
#create Ref
Albany NY 12201
Atlanta GA 30301
Baltimore MD 21233
Boston MA 02109
Bridgeport CN 06601
Buffalo NY 14240
Chicago IL 60607
Dallas TX 75221
Denver CO 80201
Detroit MI 48226
Hartford CN 06101
Houston TX 77052
Indianapolis IN 46204
Los Angeles CA 90053
Miami FL 33101
Milwaukee WI 53201
Minneapolis MN 55401
New York NY 10001
Philadelphia PA 19104
Phoenix AR 85026
Pittsburgh PA 15230
Providence RI 02904
Rochester NY 14603
San Diego CA 92101
San Francisco CA 94101
Seattle WA 98101
St. Louis MO 63166
Syracuse NY 13201
Utica NY 13503
Washington DC 20013
Yonkers NY 10598
#create cities
Albany NY 12201
Atlanta GA 30301
Baltimore MD 21233
Boston MA 02109
Bridgeport CN 06601
Buffalo NY 14240
Camden NJ 08101
Chicago IL 60607
Dallas TX 75221
Denver CO 80201
Detroit MI 48226
Elizabeth NJ 07207
Hartford CN 06101
Houston TX 77052
Indianapolis IN 46204
Jersey City NJ 07303
Los Angeles CA 90053
Miami FL 33101
Milwaukee WI 53201
Minneapolis MN 55401
New York NY 10001
Newark NJ 07101
Paterson NJ 07510
Philadelphia PA 19104
Phoenix AR 85026
Pittsburgh PA 15230
Providence RI 02904
Rochester NY 14603
San Diego CA 92101
San Francisco CA 94101
Seattle WA 98101
St. Louis MO 63166
Syracuse NY 13201
Trenton NJ 08608
Utica NY 13503
Washington DC 20013
Yonkers NY 10598
#user
#cmp cities Ref
#log
#next
70.2c 5
70.2d 10
dL70.2c M )#print
In this directory is another copy of the
"cities" file as you modified it,
and the previous version named "ocities".
Use "diff" to find out how many lines you deleted.
Reply "answer N" where N is the number of
lines you removed from "cities".
#create cities
Albany NY 12201
Atlanta GA 30301
Baltimore MD 21233
Boston MA 02109
Bridgeport CN 06601
Buffalo NY 14240
Chicago IL 60607
Dallas TX 75221
Denver CO 80201
Detroit MI 48226
Hartford CN 06101
Houston TX 77052
Indianapolis IN 46204
Los Angeles CA 90053
Miami FL 33101
Milwaukee WI 53201
Minneapolis MN 55401
New York NY 10001
Philadelphia PA 19104
Phoenix AR 85026
Pittsburgh PA 15230
Providence RI 02904
Rochester NY 14603
San Diego CA 92101
San Francisco CA 94101
Seattle WA 98101
St. Louis MO 63166
Syracuse NY 13201
Utica NY 13503
Washington DC 20013
Yonkers NY 10598
#create ocities
Albany NY 12201
Atlanta GA 30301
Baltimore MD 21233
Boston MA 02109
Bridgeport CN 06601
Buffalo NY 14240
Camden NJ 08101
Chicago IL 60607
Dallas TX 75221
Denver CO 80201
Detroit MI 48226
Elizabeth NJ 07207
Hartford CN 06101
Houston TX 77052
Indianapolis IN 46204
Jersey City NJ 07303
Los Angeles CA 90053
Miami FL 33101
Milwaukee WI 53201
Minneapolis MN 55401
New York NY 10001
Newark NJ 07101
Paterson NJ 07510
Philadelphia PA 19104
Phoenix AR 85026
Pittsburgh PA 15230
Providence RI 02904
Rochester NY 14603
San Diego CA 92101
San Francisco CA 94101
Seattle WA 98101
St. Louis MO 63166
Syracuse NY 13201
Trenton NJ 08608
Utica NY 13503
Washington DC 20013
Yonkers NY 10598
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match 6
#log
#next
70.2d 10
NL70.2d N #print
There is another file of cities with ZIP codes and states
in this directory, but it was typed in wrong. Some cities
in New Jersey are labeled as being in New York. However the
ZIP codes are right. Since the cities in New Jersey are
exactly those with zip codes beginning 07, if you
can execute the substitute command to change NY to NJ on all
lines with " 07" in them, all will be well.
Don't forget the blank before the 07 - some ZIP
codes have "07" in the middle, remember.
Change file "cities" and rewrite it. Then type "ready".
#create Ref
Albany NY 12201
Atlanta GA 30301
Baltimore MD 21233
Boston MA 02109
Bridgeport CN 06601
Buffalo NY 14240
Camden NJ 08101
Chicago IL 60607
Dallas TX 75221
Denver CO 80201
Detroit MI 48226
Elizabeth NJ 07207
Hartford CN 06101
Houston TX 77052
Indianapolis IN 46204
Jersey City NJ 07303
Los Angeles CA 90053
Miami FL 33101
Milwaukee WI 53201
Minneapolis MN 55401
New York NY 10001
Newark NJ 07101
Paterson NJ 07510
Philadelphia PA 19104
Phoenix AR 85026
Pittsburgh PA 15230
Providence RI 02904
Rochester NY 14603
San Diego CA 92101
San Francisco CA 94101
Seattle WA 98101
St. Louis MO 63166
Syracuse NY 13201
Trenton NJ 08608
Utica NY 13503
Washington DC 20013
Yonkers NY 10598
#create cities
Albany NY 12201
Atlanta GA 30301
Baltimore MD 21233
Boston MA 02109
Bridgeport CN 06601
Buffalo NY 14240
Camden NJ 08101
Chicago IL 60607
Dallas TX 75221
Denver CO 80201
Detroit MI 48226
Elizabeth NY 07207
Hartford CN 06101
Houston TX 77052
Indianapolis IN 46204
Jersey City NY 07303
Los Angeles CA 90053
Miami FL 33101
Milwaukee WI 53201
Minneapolis MN 55401
New York NY 10001
Newark NY 07101
Paterson NY 07510
Philadelphia PA 19104
Phoenix AR 85026
Pittsburgh PA 15230
Providence RI 02904
Rochester NY 14603
San Diego CA 92101
San Francisco CA 94101
Seattle WA 98101
St. Louis MO 63166
Syracuse NY 13201
Trenton NJ 08608
Utica NY 13503
Washington DC 20013
Yonkers NY 10598
#user
#cmp cities Ref
#log
#next
70.2e 5
7L70.2e P #print
There is a file "cities" in this directory in which each line
contains a city, state and ZIP code. But it was typed
in by a member of management and is really botched - every
NJ city is labeled as being in NY. But the Zip codes are right -
if you can change NY to NJ on each line containing a ZIP code
beginning with either 07 or 08 all will be fixed up. Each line
looks like
St. Louis MO 63166
and (1) remember the [] operators? and (2) don't forget
that digits appear in the middle of ZIP codes.
You may want to check what you're doing by writing the current
version on a different file name and using "diff" to check
on the changes.
#create Ref
Albany NY 12201
Atlanta GA 30301
Baltimore MD 21233
Boston MA 02109
Bridgeport CN 06601
Buffalo NY 14240
Camden NJ 08101
Chicago IL 60607
Dallas TX 75221
Denver CO 80201
Detroit MI 48226
Elizabeth NJ 07207
Hartford CN 06101
Houston TX 77052
Indianapolis IN 46204
Jersey City NJ 07303
Los Angeles CA 90053
Miami FL 33101
Milwaukee WI 53201
Minneapolis MN 55401
New York NY 10001
Newark NJ 07101
Paterson NJ 07510
Philadelphia PA 19104
Phoenix AR 85026
Pittsburgh PA 15230
Providence RI 02904
Rochester NY 14603
San Diego CA 92101
San Francisco CA 94101
Seattle WA 98101
St. Louis MO 63166
Syracuse NY 13201
Trenton NJ 08608
Utica NY 13503
Washington DC 20013
Yonkers NY 10598
#create cities
Albany NY 12201
Atlanta GA 30301
Baltimore MD 21233
Boston MA 02109
Bridgeport CN 06601
Buffalo NY 14240
Camden NY 08101
Chicago IL 60607
Dallas TX 75221
Denver CO 80201
Detroit MI 48226
Elizabeth NY 07207
Hartford CN 06101
Houston TX 77052
Indianapolis IN 46204
Jersey City NY 07303
Los Angeles CA 90053
Miami FL 33101
Milwaukee WI 53201
Minneapolis MN 55401
New York NY 10001
Newark NY 07101
Paterson NY 07510
Philadelphia PA 19104
Phoenix AR 85026
Pittsburgh PA 15230
Providence RI 02904
Rochester NY 14603
San Diego CA 92101
San Francisco CA 94101
Seattle WA 98101
St. Louis MO 63166
Syracuse NY 13201
Trenton NJ 08608
Utica NY 13503
Washington DC 20013
Yonkers NY 10598
#user
#cmp cities Ref
#log
#next
70.2f 5
L70.2f R +#print
Remember the search for blank lines with nothing on them? /^$/.
Pick up the file "table" and delete all blank lines; then rewrite
it and type "ready".
#create Ref
Albany NY 12201
Atlanta GA 30301
Baltimore MD 21233
Boston MA 02109
Bridgeport CN 06601
Buffalo NY 14240
Camden NJ 08101
Chicago IL 60607
Dallas TX 75221
Denver CO 80201
Detroit MI 48226
Elizabeth NJ 07207
Hartford CN 06101
Houston TX 77052
Indianapolis IN 46204
Jersey City NJ 07303
Los Angeles CA 90053
Miami FL 33101
Milwaukee WI 53201
Minneapolis MN 55401
New York NY 10001
Newark NJ 07101
Paterson NJ 07510
Philadelphia PA 19104
Phoenix AR 85026
Pittsburgh PA 15230
Providence RI 02904
Rochester NY 14603
San Diego CA 92101
San Francisco CA 94101
Seattle WA 98101
St. Louis MO 63166
Syracuse NY 13201
Trenton NJ 08608
Utica NY 13503
Washington DC 20013
Yonkers NY 10598
#create table
Albany NY 12201
Atlanta GA 30301
Baltimore MD 21233
Boston MA 02109
Bridgeport CN 06601
Buffalo NY 14240
Camden NJ 08101
Chicago IL 60607
Dallas TX 75221
Denver CO 80201
Detroit MI 48226
Elizabeth NJ 07207
Hartford CN 06101
Houston TX 77052
Indianapolis IN 46204
Jersey City NJ 07303
Los Angeles CA 90053
Miami FL 33101
Milwaukee WI 53201
Minneapolis MN 55401
New York NY 10001
Newark NJ 07101
Paterson NJ 07510
Philadelphia PA 19104
Phoenix AR 85026
Pittsburgh PA 15230
Providence RI 02904
Rochester NY 14603
San Diego CA 92101
San Francisco CA 94101
Seattle WA 98101
St. Louis MO 63166
Syracuse NY 13201
Trenton NJ 08608
Utica NY 13503
Washington DC 20013
Yonkers NY 10598
#user
#cmp table Ref
#log
#next
70.2g 5
HL70.2g S #print
Here is a file "values". Whenever the word
"liter" appears in it, add at the end of that
line the characters
(1 liter = 1.06 quart)
The parentheses should appear in the final
file, and there should be one space before the
left parenthesis. When done, rewrite
the file and type "ready".
#create Ref
gasoline: .52/gallon
milk: 35/qt
rice: .30/lb
acetic acid: 1.20/liter (1 liter = 1.06 quart)
apples: .35/lb
cider: .55/liter (1 liter = 1.06 quart)
butter: .79/lb
soda: .42/liter (1 liter = 1.06 quart)
eggs: .89/doz
cream: 1.25/liter (1 liter = 1.06 quart)
#create values
gasoline: .52/gallon
milk: 35/qt
rice: .30/lb
acetic acid: 1.20/liter
apples: .35/lb
cider: .55/liter
butter: .79/lb
soda: .42/liter
eggs: .89/doz
cream: 1.25/liter
#user
#cmp values Ref
#log
#next
71.1a 5
L71.1a V 2#print
After the global command has selected the lines
to which the second command is to be applied, it sets '.' (the
current line) to each of these lines in turn as it executes
the controlled command. Thus you can reference the line
before or after the selected line. For example,
g/xx/.-1s/ab/cd/
changes 'ab' to 'cd' on the line BEFORE each line with xx.
And
g/xx/$t.+1
inserts a copy of the last line in the file two lines
after each line with 'xx' on it.
In this directory, the file 'memo' has paragraphs indicated
by lines beginning ".PP". Add two blanks to the beginning of
the line after each ".PP", and then delete the ".PP" lines.
This should take only two commands. Rewrite the file and then
type "ready".
#create Ref
The Ascent of the Riffelberg
by Mark Twain
I sat silent some time, then turned to Harris and said:
``My mind is made up.''
Something in my tone struck him; and when he glanced
at my eye and read what was written there, his face paled
perceptibly. He hesitated a moment, then said:
``Speak.''
I answered, with perfect calmness:
``I WILL ASCEND THE RIFFELBERG.''
If I had shot my poor friend he could not have fallen from
his chair more suddenly. If I had been his father he
could not have pleaded harder to get me to give up my
purpose. But I turned a deaf ear to all he said. When he
perceived at last that nothing could alter my determination,
he ceased to urge, and for a while the deep silence was broken only
by his sobs. I sat in marble resolution, with my
eyes fixed upon vacancy, for in spirit I was already
wrestling with the perils of the mountains, and my friend sat
gazing at me in adoring admiration through his tears. At
last he threw himself upon me in a loving embrace and
exclaimed in broken tones:
``Your Harris will never desert you. We will die together!''
I cheered the noble fellow with praises, and soon his fears
were forgotten and he was eager for the adventure. He
wanted to summon the guides at once and leave at two in
the morning, as he supposed the custom was; but I explained that nobody
was looking at that hour; and that the start in the dark
was not usually made from the village but
from the first night's resting-place on the mountainside. I
said we would leave the village at 3 or 4 p.m. on the morrow;
meantime he could notify the guides, and also let the public
know of the attempt which we proposed to make.
I went to bed, but not to sleep. No man can sleep when
he is about to undertake one of these Alpine exploits. I
tossed feverishly all night long, and was glad enough when
I heard the clock strike half past eleven and knew it was
time to get up for dinner.
#create memo
The Ascent of the Riffelberg
by Mark Twain
.PP
I sat silent some time, then turned to Harris and said:
``My mind is made up.''
Something in my tone struck him; and when he glanced
at my eye and read what was written there, his face paled
perceptibly. He hesitated a moment, then said:
``Speak.''
.PP
I answered, with perfect calmness:
``I WILL ASCEND THE RIFFELBERG.''
.PP
If I had shot my poor friend he could not have fallen from
his chair more suddenly. If I had been his father he
could not have pleaded harder to get me to give up my
purpose. But I turned a deaf ear to all he said. When he
perceived at last that nothing could alter my determination,
he ceased to urge, and for a while the deep silence was broken only
by his sobs. I sat in marble resolution, with my
eyes fixed upon vacancy, for in spirit I was already
wrestling with the perils of the mountains, and my friend sat
gazing at me in adoring admiration through his tears. At
last he threw himself upon me in a loving embrace and
exclaimed in broken tones:
``Your Harris will never desert you. We will die together!''
.PP
I cheered the noble fellow with praises, and soon his fears
were forgotten and he was eager for the adventure. He
wanted to summon the guides at once and leave at two in
the morning, as he supposed the custom was; but I explained that nobody
was looking at that hour; and that the start in the dark
was not usually made from the village but
from the first night's resting-place on the mountainside. I
said we would leave the village at 3 or 4 p.m. on the morrow;
meantime he could notify the guides, and also let the public
know of the attempt which we proposed to make.
.PP
I went to bed, but not to sleep. No man can sleep when
he is about to undertake one of these Alpine exploits. I
tossed feverishly all night long, and was glad enough when
I heard the clock strike half past eleven and knew it was
time to get up for dinner.
#user
#cmp memo Ref
#log
#next
72.1a 10
72.2a 5
L72.1a W ,#print
A command related to the global command is the 'v' command.
It also selects lines on which a second command is executed; the
difference between 'g' and 'v' is that the selected lines
for the 'v' command are all those on which the expression
is NOT found. Thus
v/abc/s/x/y/g
changes 'x' to 'y' on all lines NOT containing an 'abc'.
There is a file 'price' in this directory. Find all lines
that do NOT begin with blank and prefix three asterisks
to them. Then rewrite the file and type "ready".
#create Ref
***beef
shoulder 1.39/lb
flank 1.59/lb
sirloin 2.19/lb
round 1.89/lb
***fish
sword 3.99/lb
cod 1.99/lb
blues 2.49/lb
stripers 3.49/lb
flounder 2.99/lb
***pork
shoulder .89/lb
loin 1.59/lb
bacon 1.19/lb
#create price
beef
shoulder 1.39/lb
flank 1.59/lb
sirloin 2.19/lb
round 1.89/lb
fish
sword 3.99/lb
cod 1.99/lb
blues 2.49/lb
stripers 3.49/lb
flounder 2.99/lb
pork
shoulder .89/lb
loin 1.59/lb
bacon 1.19/lb
#user
#cmp price Ref
#log
#next
73.1a 10
L72.2a Y #print
A command related to the 'g' command is the 'v' command. The
'v' command also selects lines on which another command is to
be executed; the difference between 'g' and 'v' is that
the 'v' command selects all lines on which the specified
expression is NOT found. Thus
v/ly$/p
prints all lines which do NOT end in "ly".
Or
v/e/p
prints all lines WITHOUT an 'e'in them.
Are there any lines in file "story"
without an 'i'? Find out using the editor; then
leave the editor and type "yes" or "no".
#create story
Credit "rationing," already being imposed by major banks in
big cities, may soon spread to banks large and small in every corner
of the United States. Result: Speculative loans may become hard
to get anywhere.
Working in near-secrecy, a committee of the powerful American
Bankers Association is drafting an unprecedented policy statement
aimed at getting bankers across the country to be far choosier in
making business loans. The ABA it is believed, is being driven to
this move partly by a nagging fear that the Federal Government will
impose lending guidelines if banks fail to tighten up voluntarily.
The ABA's task is delicate.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match yes
#log
#next
72.2b 10
L72.2b Z #print
Edit the file "cities" to remove all lines NOT
containing "NJ". Then rewrite the file
and type "ready".
#create Ref
Camden NJ 08101
Elizabeth NJ 07207
Jersey City NJ 07303
Newark NJ 07101
Paterson NJ 07510
Trenton NJ 08608
#create cities
Albany NY 12201
Atlanta GA 30301
Baltimore MD 21233
Boston MA 02109
Bridgeport CN 06601
Buffalo NY 14240
Camden NJ 08101
Chicago IL 60607
Dallas TX 75221
Denver CO 80201
Detroit MI 48226
Elizabeth NJ 07207
Hartford CN 06101
Houston TX 77052
Indianapolis IN 46204
Jersey City NJ 07303
Los Angeles CA 90053
Miami FL 33101
Milwaukee WI 53201
Minneapolis MN 55401
New York NY 10001
Newark NJ 07101
Paterson NJ 07510
Philadelphia PA 19104
Phoenix AR 85026
Pittsburgh PA 15230
Providence RI 02904
Rochester NY 14603
San Diego CA 92101
San Francisco CA 94101
Seattle WA 98101
St. Louis MO 63166
Syracuse NY 13201
Trenton NJ 08608
Utica NY 13503
Washington DC 20013
Yonkers NY 10598
#user
#cmp cities Ref
#log
#next
72.2c 10
L72.2c \ #print
There is a file "price" in this directory. Find all
lines which don't begin with blank and put three asterisks
at the beginning of each such line. Then rewrite
the file and type "ready".
#create Ref
***beef
shoulder 1.39/lb
flank 1.59/lb
sirloin 2.19/lb
round 1.89/lb
***fish
sword 3.99/lb
cod 1.99/lb
blues 2.49/lb
stripers 3.49/lb
flounder 2.99/lb
***pork
shoulder .89/lb
loin 1.59/lb
bacon 1.19/lb
#create price
beef
shoulder 1.39/lb
flank 1.59/lb
sirloin 2.19/lb
round 1.89/lb
fish
sword 3.99/lb
cod 1.99/lb
blues 2.49/lb
stripers 3.49/lb
flounder 2.99/lb
pork
shoulder .89/lb
loin 1.59/lb
bacon 1.19/lb
#user
#cmp price Ref
#log
#next
72.2d 10
L72.2d ] #print
There is a file "song" in this directory. Find all lines
which don't end in "." and put a comma at the end of
these lines. Then rewrite the file and type "ready".
#create Ref
It seems that Early English art,
Alone retains its zest.
To charm and please its devotees,
We've done our level best.
We're not quite sure that all we do,
Has the Early English ring,
But as far as we can tell,
It's something lIke this sort of thing.
#create song
It seems that Early English art
Alone retains its zest.
To charm and please its devotees
We've done our level best.
We're not quite sure that all we do
Has the Early English ring
But as far as we can tell
It's something lIke this sort of thing.
#user
#cmp song Ref
#log
#next
73.1a 10
iL73.1a #print
Back early in this sequence we made clear that
the shell (the normal command interpreter) and the
editor were distinct and they didn't pay any attention
to each other's commands.
Sometimes you are in the editor and you really want
to execute a shell command. You can do that
by prefixing it with !. For example,
!ls
will list your directory.
Remember that "date" is the shell command
to find out what time it is.
Try editing the file 'bridge'; print it out,
then, without leaving the editor, ask for the
time and then leave the editor and say "ready".
#create bridge
brooklyn
manhattan
williamsburg
queensborough
george washington
triborough
bronx whitestone
throgs neck
#create X2
!date
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
grep date .copy | tail -1 >X1
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
74.1a 10
L74.1a ` #print
Here's a last review exercise. In the file "cities" is a list
of cities with populations and Zip codes. The following cities
were omitted: add them in alphabetical order
St. Louis 622,236 MO 63166
Columbus 539,677 OH 43216
Then, edit the file so that
(a) the blanks, if any, at the beginnings of lines and
ends of lines are removed.
(b) each interior string of blanks is replaced by a single tab,
except for the blanks within "Los Angeles", "New Orleans",
"New York", "San Antonio", "San Diego", "San Francisco",
and "St. Louis".
(c) Spell "Washington" and "Indianapolis" correctly.
Then rewrite the file and type "ready".
#create Ref
Atlanta 496,973 GA 30301
Baltimore 905,759 MD 21233
Boston 641,071 MA 02109
Bridgeport 156,542 CN 06601
Buffalo 462,768 NY 14240
Chicago 3,366,957 IL 60607
Cleveland 750,903 OH 44101
Columbus 539,677 OH 43216
Dallas 844,401 TX 75221
Denver 514,678 CO 80201
Detroit 1,511,482 MI 48226
Hartford 158,017 CN 06101
Houston 1,232,802 TX 77052
Indianapolis 774,624 IN 46201
Los Angeles 2,809,596 CA 92101
Miami 334,859 FL 33101
Milwaukee 717,099 WI 53201
Minneapolis 434,400 MN 55401
New Orleans 593,471 LA 70140
New York 7,894,862 NY 10001
Newark 382,417 NJ 07901
Omaha 347,328 NE 68108
Philadephia 1,948,609 PA 19104
Phoenix 581,562 AR 85026
Pittsburgh 520,117 PA 15230
San Antonio 654,153 TX 78205
San Diego 696,769 CA 92101
San Francisco 715,674 CA 94101
Seattle 530,831 WA 98101
St. Louis 622,236 MO 63166
Washington 756,510 DC 20013
#create cities
Atlanta 496,973 GA 30301
Baltimore 905,759 MD 21233
Boston 641,071 MA 02109
Bridgeport 156,542 CN 06601
Buffalo 462,768 NY 14240
Chicago 3,366,957 IL 60607
Cleveland 750,903 OH 44101
Dallas 844,401 TX 75221
Denver 514,678 CO 80201
Detroit 1,511,482 MI 48226
Hartford 158,017 CN 06101
Houston 1,232,802 TX 77052
Indianpolis 774,624 IN 46201
Los Angeles 2,809,596 CA 92101
Miami 334,859 FL 33101
Milwaukee 717,099 WI 53201
Minneapolis 434,400 MN 55401
New Orleans 593,471 LA 70140
New York 7,894,862 NY 10001
Newark 382,417 NJ 07901
Omaha 347,328 NE 68108
Philadephia 1,948,609 PA 19104
Phoenix 581,562 AR 85026
Pittsburgh 520,117 PA 15230
San Antonio 654,153 TX 78205
San Diego 696,769 CA 92101
San Francisco 715,674 CA 94101
Seattle 530,831 WA 98101
Washinggton 756,510 DC 20013
#user
#cmp cities Ref
#log
iL8.1a _B #print
To move around, you can use simple arithmetic
when specifying what to print. For example,
3+1p
is the same as
4p
as an editor command. Now that's not very interesting;
but if the '.' current line pointer is line 3,
then using
.+1p
instead of 4p is helpful.
For example, print the 3rd and 4th
lines of the familiar file using first "3p" to
get to line 3 and then ".+1p" to print the next line.
End as usual with w, q, and ready.
#create Ref
thomas jefferson
james madison
91
#create file
george washington
john adams
thomas jefferson
james madison
james monroe
john quincy adams
#copyout
#pipe
ed file
#user
#unpipe
#uncopyout
tail -3 .ocopy >X1
#cmp Ref X1
#log
#next
9.1a 10
8.1b 7
L8.1b y #print
You can also use "-" in addresses. For example,
the line before the current line is line ".-1"
and can be printed with ".-1p" or even just ".-1".
How would you print the line two lines before the current
line? Type "answer COMMAND" where COMMAND is
the command you would type to print that line.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match .-2p
#match .-2
#match -2
#match --
#log
#next
9.1a 10
9.2a 5
L8.2a 9 #print
You can give addresses involving simple arithmetic
to move around in the file. For example,
3+1p
is the same as
4p
in the editor. Now that's not interesting, but
if the current line (".") is line 3, then
.+1p
is also 4p; it prints the next line. For example,
you can print the 3rd and 4th lines of this file
using
3p
.+1p
w
q
where "3p" prints the third line, as usual,
and then ".+1p" prints the next or fourth line.
Try that. Type "ready" when done.
#create Ref
caslon
century schoolbook
86
#create file
baskerville
bodoni
caslon
century schoolbook
futura
helvetica
news gothic
times roman
#copyout
#pipe
ed file
#user
#unpipe
#uncopyout
tail -3 .ocopy >X1
#cmp Ref X1
#log
#next
8.2b 5
9.1a 10
L8.2b ; g#print
Using the same scheme, print lines 2 and 3 of this file.
Then rewrite it and leave and type "ready".
#create Ref
john adams
thomas jefferson
91
#create file
george washington
john adams
thomas jefferson
james madison
james monroe
john quincy adams
#copyout
#pipe
ed file
#user
#unpipe
#uncopyout
tail -3 .ocopy >X1
#cmp Ref X1
#log
#next
8.2c 3
8.1b 8
L8.2c < #print
You can also use "-" in addresses.
For example, you can print the
line before the current line with
.-1p
as a command. Again, I'll put
you in the editor; print the fifth
line and then the fourth, using this
command to print lines in reverse
order. Then leave with w, q, and ready.
#create Ref
carrots
squash
83
#create file
broccoli
mushrooms
cauliflower
squash
carrots
lettuce
string beans
peas
lima beans
#copyout
#pipe
ed file
#user
#unpipe
#uncopyout
tail -3 .ocopy >X1
#cmp Ref X1
#log
#next
9.1a 10
9.2a 5
cL9.1a > #print
Printing only one line at a time gets pretty
slow. You can print several lines with
commands like
1,3p
which prints lines 1, 2 and 3.
Again, I'll put you into the editor
with the familiar file. Print lines
2 through 5 of it; then type w, q and ready.
#create Ref
john adams
thomas jefferson
james madison
james monroe
91
#create file
george washington
john adams
thomas jefferson
james madison
james monroe
john quincy adams
#copyout
#pipe
ed file
#user
#unpipe
#uncopyout
tail -5 .ocopy >X1
#cmp X1 Ref
#log
#next
10.1a 10
9.2e 5
L9.2a @ #print
You can print several lines at once by
using commands like
1,3p
which prints lines 1, 2 and 3. Again,
I'll put you into the editor. Print
lines 1 to 3 of the file; then type
w, q and ready.
Your commands should look like
1,3p
w
q
ready
#create Ref
george washington
john adams
thomas jefferson
91
#create file
george washington
john adams
thomas jefferson
james madison
james monroe
john quincy adams
#copyout
#pipe
ed file
#user
#unpipe
#uncopyout
tail -4 .ocopy >X1
#cmp X1 Ref
#log
#next
9.2b 5
L9.2b B #print
You can of course use any kind of line
numbers for the addresses in the
"p" command. Just as you did before,
print lines 2 through 5 of this file,
and then type w, q, and ready.
#create Ref
mushrooms
cauliflower
squash
carrots
83
#create file
broccoli
mushrooms
cauliflower
squash
carrots
lettuce
string beans
peas
lima beans
#copyout
#pipe
ed file
#user
#unpipe
#uncopyout
tail -5 .ocopy >X1
#cmp X1 Ref
#log
#next
9.3c 3
9.2d 7
L9.2d D #print
The "." operator can be used with multiple
addresses to refer to the current line
in either the first or second position (or both).
For example, you could print from the current line
to the 6th line with
.,6p
and similarly for any other line. I'll put
you in the editor again, with the current line
set in the middle of a short file; print from
the current line position to the fifth line, and
then type w, q and ready.
#create Ref
2. UNIX
3. hardware
4. software
5. manuals
97
#create file
2. UNIX
3. hardware
4. software
5. manuals
you shouldn't have printed this line.
#copyout
#pipe
ed file
1t1
#user
#unpipe
#uncopyout
tail -5 .ocopy >X1
#cmp X1 Ref
#log
#next
9.2e 5
lL9.2e y #print
You can also employ addresses using arithmetic with
this kind of command. For example, what "p" command
would you type to print from line 2 to the line
before the current line of the file? Remember what
the line before the current line is:
.-1
right?
Type "answer COMMAND" where COMMAND is the specified
"p" command.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match 2,.-1p
#match 2,-p
#match 2,.-p
#log
#next
10.1a 10
10.2a 5
10.3a 2
L9.3c I 8#print
You can make up addresses for the 'p' command
using '.' for the current line when there are
two addresses, also. For example, you could
print from the first line up to the present
line with
1,.p
and I suggest you try that now. After
that command, type the usual
w
q
ready
#create Ref
83
broccoli
mushrooms
cauliflower
squash
carrots
lettuce
string beans
peas
lima beans
83
#create file
broccoli
mushrooms
cauliflower
squash
carrots
lettuce
string beans
peas
lima beans
#copyout
#pipe
ed file
#user
#unpipe
#uncopyout
#cmp .ocopy Ref
#log
#next
9.2d 5